Ziyosfera

Ibn Sahl (matematik)

Milliy MS 867, 7r varagʻining nusxasi, unda uning sinish qonunini kashf etishi aks etgan (Rashed, 1990 dan). Rasmning pastki qismida (oʻng tomonda) tekis-qavariq linza va uning asosiy oʻqi (kesishuvchi gorizontal chiziq) tasviri koʻrsatilgan. Linzaning qavariq qismining egriligi gorizontal oʻqqa parallel boʻlgan barcha nurlarni (linzaga oʻng tomondan yaqinlashayotgan) oʻq boʻylab chap tomondagi fokus nuqtasiga keltiradi.
Ibn Sahl qurilishining talqini. Agar uzunliklar nisbatini L1/L2{\displaystyle L_1/L_2} n1/n2{\displaystyle n_1/n_2} ga teng qilib saqlansa, unda nurlar sinuslar qonuniga, yaʼni Snell qonuniga boʻysunadi. Toʻgʻri burchakli uchburchakning ichki gipotenuzasi tushayotgan nurning yoʻlini, tashqi gipotenuza esa, agar tushayotgan nur ikki gipotenuza kesishgan nuqtada yuza vertikal boʻlgan muhitlar chegarasiga uchrasa, u holda sinib oʻtgan nur yoʻlining davom etishini koʻrsatadi. Kichik gipotenuza uzunligining kattasiga nisbati muhitlarning sindirish koʻrsatkichlari nisbatiga teng[1].

Ibn Sahl (toʻliq ismi: Abū Sad al-ʿAlāʾ ibn Sahl forscha: ابوسعدالعلاءِبن سعل (ابن سهل)‎‎; taxminan 940–1000-yillar) Islom oltin davrining[2] matematik va fizigi boʻlgan, u Bagʻdoddagi Buyalar saroyi bilan bogʻliq edi.

Faoliyati

U 984-yillar atrofida optikaga oid risola yozgani maʼlum. Bu risolaning matni Roshdiy Rashid tomonidan ikki qoʻlyozma asosida (1993-yilda nashr etilgan) qayta tiklangan: Damashq, az-Zohiriya MS 4871, 3 varaq, va Tehron, Milliy MS 867, 51 varaq.

Tehron qoʻlyozmasi ancha uzun, biroq juda yomon ahvolda saqlangan, Damashq nusxasi esa Tehron nusxasida butunlay yoʻq boʻlib qolgan bir boʻlimni oʻz ichiga oladi.

Damashq qoʻlyozmasi Fī al-'āla al-muḥriqa — „Yoqadigan asboblar haqida“ deb nomlangan, Tehron qoʻlyozmasiga esa keyinroq qoʻl bilan qoʻshilgan Kitāb al-harrāqāt — „Yoqadiganlar kitobi“ sarlavhasi berilgan.

Ibn Sahl Ptolemeyning Optika asarini oʻrganganligi maʼlum boʻlgan birinchi ulamodir va shu jihatdan u bundan qariyb oʻttiz yil keyin yozilgan Ibn al-Haysam (Alhazn)ning Kitāb al-Manāẓir asarining yozilishida asos sifatida foydalanilgan[3]. Ibn Sahl egri oynalar va linzalarning optik xossalarini tadqiq qilgan va u sinish qonunini (Snell qonuni) kashf etgan olim sifatida tavsiflangan[4][5][6]. Ibn Sahl bu qonundan yorugʻlikni geometrik aberatsiyalarsiz fokuslovchi, anaklastik linzalar deb ataladigan linza shakllarini chiqarish uchun foydalanadi.

Risolaning qolgan qismlarida Ibn Sahl parabolik oynalar, ellipsoidal oynalar, ikki tomoni qavariq linzalar va giperbolik yoylarni chizish uslublarini koʻrib chiqqan.

Ibn Sahl parallel yorugʻlik nurlarini fokuslaydigan qavariq linzalar yaratgan boʻlib, ular maʼlum bir masofadan turib obyektni yoqib yuborishi mumkin[manba kerak].

Nisbasi

Ismidan kelib chiqib uning kelib chiqishini aniqlashga boʻlgan urinishlarga qaramay, Ibn Sahlnning asl nasabi nomaʼlumligicha qolmoqda. Uning tugʻilgan yurti ham, diniy mansubligi ham aniq isbotlanmagan[7][8]. Uni zamonaviy tadqiqotchilar fors[9][10][11] yoki arab[12][13][14][15] deb taʼriflashgan.

Manbalar

  1. ↑ Kurt Bernardo Wolf, Geometric Optics on Phase Space, p. 9, Springer, 2004, ISBN 3-540-22039-9 online
  2. ↑ The Enterprise of Science in Islam: New Perspectives. Cambridge, Massachusetts; London, England: MIT Press, 2003 — 89-bet. ISBN 0-262-19482-1. 
  3. ↑ Rashed (1990:"Ibn al-Haytham was not the first to have effectively used Ptolemy’s Optics, […] al-Kindi was not the only significant figure in the history of Arabic optics before Ibn al-Haytham"
  4. ↑ Papadopoulos, Athanase „Roshdi Rashed, Historian of Greek and Arabic Mathematics“ 12 (2017).
  5. ↑ Zghal, Mourad; Bouali, Hamid-Eddine; Ben Lakhdar, Zohra; Hamam, Habib „The first steps for learning optics: Ibn Sahl's, Al-Haytham's and Young's works on refraction as typical examples“, . Tenth International Topical Meeting on Education and Training in Optics and Photonics, Proceedings of the SPIE, 2015. DOI:10.1117/12.2207465. „R. Rashed credited Ibn Sahl with discovering the law of refraction [23], usually called Snell’s law and also Snell and Descartes’ law."“ 
  6. ↑ Smith, A. Mark. From Sight to Light: The Passage from Ancient to Modern Optics (en). University of Chicago Press, 2015 — 178-bet. ISBN 9780226174761. 
  7. ↑ "Nothing in his surname and given names, however, allows us to glimpse either his country of origin or his social and religious allegiance — unless a link may be established with another Ibn Sahl of the same period, who was an astrologer concerned with mathematics; for the time being, however, this connection has no historical value." Roshdi Rashed, Geometry and Dioptrics in Classical Islam, London (2005), p. 3.
  8. ↑ http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/optics,"There are a number of optical texts by authors with a Persian ethnicity or association. The earliest is Abu Saʿd al-ʿAlāʾ Ebn Sahl at the Persian Buyid court (945–1055), better known for his early conception of the „sine law of refraction“ and burning mirrors (Rashed, 1990, pp. 464-68; 1993; 2005) than his work on optics proper (Sabra, 1989, pp. lix-lx; 1994)." Ebn Sahl, a scholar with direct Persian links through both court patronage and scholarly relations, even if he himself came from more obscure origins than his contemporary namesake Abu’l-Ḥasan Ebn Sahl, from the old and notable
  9. ↑ Enterprise of Science in Islam: New Perspectives — J. P. Hogendijk, A. I. Sabra „The first clear evidence we have of a correct understanding of Ptolemy’s theory of refraction does not appear in the Arabic sources available to us until the second half of the tenth century, when the Persian mathematician al-Ala ibn Sahl was able to put Ptolemy’s ideas to use in formulating entirely original geometrical arguments for the construction of burning instruments by means of refraction“
  10. ↑ Shoja, Mohammadali M.; Agutter, Paul S.; Tubbs, R. Shane (2015). "Rhazes Doubting Galen: Ancient and Medieval Theories of Vision". International Journal of History and Philosophy of Medicine 5: 10510. doi:10.18550/ijhpm.011515.0510. https://ijhpm.org/index.php/IJHPM/article/download/111/62. "Exploiting the 10th-century Persian mathematician Ibn Sahl’s development on Ptolemy’s studies of refraction,48 he generalized the relationship between incident and refracted rays in a form that presaged Snell’s law." 
  11. ↑ https://www.sciencelearn.org.nz/resources/1867-light-ideas-and-technology-timeline,"Persian scientist Ibn Sahl writes On burning mirrors and lenses, which sets out his understanding of how curved mirrors and lenses bend and focus light. He discovers a law of refraction mathematically equivalent to Snell’s law (1615)."
  12. ↑ Coullet, Pierre; San Martin, Jaime; Tirapegui, Enrique (2022). "Kepler in search of the "Anaclastic"". Chaos, Solitons & Fractals 164. doi:10.1016/j.chaos.2022.112695. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0960077922008748. "“The Burning Instruments” is precisely the title of the work by a 10th century Arab scholar, Ibn Sahl." 
  13. ↑ „Ibn Sahl: An Arab Scholar“. American University of Beirut. — „Ibn Sahl is an Arab scholar who was very successful in Baghdad in the late tenth century.“.
  14. ↑ Corradi, Massimo (2016). "A short history of the rainbow". Lettera Matematica International Edition 4: 49–57. doi:10.1007/s40329-016-0127-3. "A first formulation of Snell-Descartes law can be found in a manuscript by the Arab mathematician Abu Sa’d al-‘Ala’ ibn Sahl (X sec.) written in 984." 
  15. ↑ Forbes, Malcolm D. E. (2015). "What We Talk About When We Talk About Light". ACS Central Science 1 (7): 354–363. doi:10.1021/acscentsci.5b00261. PMID 27162995. PMC 4827676. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4827676. "The Law of Refraction was first described in the year 984 by the Arab scientist Ibn-Sahl."  


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