Jorj Andreu Ola sahifasining manbasini koʻrish

{{AT}}
'''Jorj Andreu Ola''' (Xorj Andreu György tugʻilgan; 1927-yil 22 may — 2017-yil 8 mart) — Vengriyalik-amerikalik [[kimyogar]]. Uning tadqiqotlari superkislotalar orqali karbokatsiyalarning ishlab chiqarilishi va reaktsiyasini oʻz ichiga olgan. Ushbu tadqiqot uchun Olah 1994-yilda „karboqatsiya kimyoxikasida qoʻshgan hissasi uchun“ [[Kimyo boʻyicha Nobel mukofoti|Kimyo boʻyicha Nobel mukofoti]] sazovor boʻldi<ref name="nobelprize">{{Veb manbasi |url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1994/index.html |sarlavha=The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1994 |nashriyot=The Nobel Foundation |qaralgan sana=December 22, 2008}}</ref>.  U shuningdek 1996-yilda Amerika kimyo jamiyati eng yuqori sharaf boʻlgan Priestley medalini va F. A. Chemical Society kimyo tadqiqotlarida mukammallik uchun F.Albert Cotton medalini olgan<ref>{{Kitob manbasi |last=George A. Olah |title=A Life Of Magic Chemistry: Autobiographical Reflections of a Nobel Prize Winner |url=https://archive.org/details/lifeofmagicchemi0000olah |publisher=Wiley-Interscience |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-471-15743-4}}</ref><ref>{{Veb manbasi |url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5369301 |sarlavha=Exploring the Methanol Economy |ish=[[NPR]] |qaralgan sana=March 15, 2017}}</ref><ref>[https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1994/olah-lecture.html My Search for Carbocations and Their Role in Chemistry] Nobel Lecture, December 8, 1994, by George A. Olah</ref>.

1956-yilgi Vengriya inqilobidan soʻng u Buyuk Britaniyaga koʻchib oʻtdi, uni 1964-yilda Kanadada tark etdi va nihoyat 1965-yilda AQShga koʻchib ketdi. György Marx koʻra, u Marsliklar biri edi.

== Erta hayot va taʼlim ==
Olah 1927-yil 22-may kuni Vengriyaning [[Budapesht|Budapeşt]] shahrida [[Yahudiylar|Yahudiy]] juftlik Magda (Krasznai) va advokat Gyula Oláhga tugʻilgan<ref>{{Veb manbasi |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1994/olah-autobio.html |sarlavha=George A. Olah – Biographical |qaralgan sana=March 15, 2017}}</ref>. Budapeşt Piarist Gimnazium oʻrta maktabidan keyin<ref name="Gymnasium">{{Citation |last=Náray-Szabó |first=Gábor |title=The Hungarian Gymnasium Educational Experience and Its Influence on the Global Power Shift |date=2012 |url=https://repozitorium.omikk.bme.hu/handle/10890/2248 |access-date=6 June 2023 |publisher=Global Science & Technology Forum |language=en |isbn=9780615573106 |last2=G |first2=Palló}}</ref>, u Budapeşt Texnik universitetida organik kimyochi Géza Zemplén tomonidan oʻqigan, hozirda Budapeşt texnika va iqtisodiyot universiteti, u yerda u kimyotexnika sohasida MS va PhD darajalarini olgan<ref name="wiley">{{Kitob manbasi |last=Mathew |first=Thomas |title=A Life of Magic Chemistry: Autobiographical Reflections Including Post-Nobel Prize Years and the Methanol Economy |chapter=Curriculum Vitae of George Andrew Olah |publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Inc. |location=Hoboken, NJ, USA |date=April 24, 2015 |isbn=978-1-118-84010-8 |doi=10.1002/9781118840108.oth |pages=300–305}}</ref>. 1949-yildan 1954-yilgacha u maktabda [[organik kimyo]] professori sifatida oʻqitgan<ref name="scalacs">{{Veb manbasi |url=http://scalacs.org/?page_id=1352 |sarlavha=1991 George Olah, USC |sana=1992 |nashriyot=Southern California Section of the American Chemical Society |qaralgan sana=March 9, 2017}}</ref>.  Keyingi ikki yilda, 1954-yildan 1956-yilgacha, u [[Vengriya fanlar akademiyasi]] ilmiy institutida ishladi, u yerda u ilmiy direktor va organik kimyo boʻlimi boshligʻi boʻldi<ref name="scalacs" />. 

== Karyera va tadqiqotlar ==
1956-yilgi Vengriya inqilobining natijasida u va uning oilasi Birlashgan Inglizmga, keyin esa Kanadada koʻchib oʻtishdi. Olahning karbokatsiyalar boʻyicha kashshoflik ishi Dow bilan sakkiz yil davomida boshlandi<ref>{{Kitob manbasi |last=George A. Olah |title=Friedel-Crafts and Related Reactions |publisher=John Wiley and Sons |location=New York |year=1965}}</ref>. 1965-yilda u Ohioning Klivlend shahridagi Case Western Reserve universiteti akademik sohaga qaytdi va 1965-yildan 1969-yilgacha kimyo kafedrasining raisligi bilan shugʻullandi. 1967-yildan 1977-yilgacha esa u kimyo sohasida C. F. Maybery Distinguished [[Professor]] of Research boʻlgan<ref name="scalacs" />. 1971-yilda Olah Qoʻshma Shtatlarning naturalizatsiya qilingan fuqaro boʻldi<ref name="wiley" />.  Keyinchalik u 1977-yilda Janubiy [[Kaliforniya universiteti]] oʻtdi<ref name="wiley" />.

USCda Olah taniqli professor va Loker gidrokarbond tadqiqot instituti direktori edi<ref>{{Veb manbasi |url=http://chem.usc.edu/faculty/Olah.html |sarlavha=Department of Chemistry |qaralgan sana=March 15, 2017 |arxivsana=2017-04-08 |arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170408193440/http://chem.usc.edu/faculty/Olah.html }}</ref>. 1980-yildan boshlab u Distinguished Donald P. va Katherine B. Loker kimyo professori sifatida xizmat qildi va keyinchalik USC muhandislik maktabida distinguished professor boʻldi<ref name="wiley" />. 1994-yilda Olah „karboqatsiya kimyoga qoʻshgan hissasi uchun“ Kimyoda Nobel mukofotiga sazovor boʻldi<ref>{{Veb manbasi |sarlavha=The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1994 |nashriyot=Nobelprize.org |url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1994/index.html |qaralgan sana=March 11, 2017}}</ref>. Ayniqsa, Olahning barqaror noklassik karbokatsiyalarni qidirishi bilan barqarorlashtirilgan protonlangan [[metan]] topishga olib keldi, masalan, FSO<sub>3</sub>-SbF5 („Jahor kisloti“).

: CH<sub>4</sub> <sup>+</sup> H<sup>+</sup> → CH<sub>5</sub>+

Ushbu kationlar barqarorlashtirilishi mumkin boʻlgani uchun olimlar endi ularni chuqurroq oʻrganish uchun [[Infraqizil spektroskopiya|infratuzilma spektroskopiyasi]] va yadroviy magnit resonans (NMR) spektroskopiyasidan foydalanishlari mumkin edi, shuningdek, ularni organik sintez reaksiyalarida katalizator sifatida ishlatishlari mumkin edi<ref>{{Yangiliklar manbasi |last=Stoye |first=Emma |date=March 10, 2017 |title=Chemistry Nobel laureate George Olah dies aged 89 |publisher=Chemistry World |url=https://www.chemistryworld.com/news/chemistry-nobel-laureate-george-olah-dies-aged-89/2500536.article |access-date=March 10, 2017}}</ref>.

Olah, [[Kanadaliklar|kanadalik]] kimyosi Saul Vinstein bilan birga, [[Purdue universiteti|Purdue]] shahridagi [[Herbert Brown|Herbert C. Brown]] bilan bir martalik jangda „noʻqlassik“ karbokatsiyalar mavjudligi haqida ishtirok etdi — masalan norbornil kation, uni bir nechta bogʻlanishlar ustida de-lokallashtirilgan kationik belgi sifatida tasvirlash mumkin<ref>{{Veb manbasi |url=http://www.chemistry.ucla.edu/news/non-classical-cation-classic-case-conflict |sarlavha=The Non-classical Cation: A Classic Case of Conflict |sana=July 11, 2013 |nashriyot=UCLA Chemistry & Biochemistry |qaralgan sana=March 9, 2017}}</ref>. Olahning NMR spektroskopiyasi bilan katonning tadqiqotlari Vinsteynning „uchta [[uglerod]] atomlari oʻrtasida maydalashtirilgan [loqalizatsiya qilingan] elektron juftligi“ boʻlgan noklassik katonning modeli toʻgʻri ekanligini koʻrsatadigan koʻproq dalillar berdi<ref>{{Yangiliklar manbasi |last=Peplow |first=Mark |date=July 10, 2013 |title=The nonclassical cation: a classic case of conflict |publisher=Chemistry World |url=https://www.chemistryworld.com/opinion/the-nonclassical-cation-a-classic-case-of-conflict/6368.article |access-date=March 10, 2017}}</ref>.

1997-yilda Olah oilasi har yili eng yaxshi kimyolarga mukofotlar beruvchi sovgʻa jamgʻarmasini (George A. Olah Endowment) tashkil etdi, shu jumladan, ilgari Petroleum Chemistryda ACS mukofoti deb nomlangan Gʻorj A. Olas mukofoti. Bu mukofotlar Amerika kimyo jamiyati tomonidan tanlanadi va boshqariladi<ref>"George A. Olah Award in Hydrocarbon or Petroleum Chemistry", ''[[Chemical & Engineering News]]'', January 19, 2009, p. 74</ref>.

Keyinchalik uning faoliyati davomida tadqiqotlari [[uglevodorodlar]] va ularning yoqilgʻiga aylanishi bilan metanol iqtisodiyoti oʻzgartirdi, yaʼni metanondan metanol ishlab chiqarish<ref name="CE">{{Yangiliklar manbasi |date=March 10, 2017 |title=Nobel Prize winner of 1994 George Andrew Olah dies at 89 |publisher=Chem Europe |url=http://www.chemeurope.com/en/news/162300/nobel-prize-winner-of-1994-george-andrew-olah-dies-at-89.html |access-date=March 10, 2017}}</ref>. U Robert Zubrin, Anne Korin va Jeyms Woulsey bilan birga mos yoqilgʻi mandat tashabbusini ilgari surishda qoʻshildi<ref>Olah, G. [https://www.osti.gov/biblio/6202497-superacid-catalyzed-depolymerization-conversion-coals-final-technical-report-hf-bf-sub-sub „Superacid Catalyzed Depolymerization and Conversion of Coals. Final Technical Report. &#x5B;HF:BF{sub 2}/H{sub 2}&#x5D;“], [[University of Southern California]], [[United States Department of Energy]], (1980).</ref><ref>Olah, G. A. [https://www.osti.gov/biblio/5165212-superacid-catalyzed-coal-conversion-chemistry-quarterly-technical-progress-reports-september-march-model-compound-consisting-benzene-rings-connected-various-bridging-units-alkylidene-ether-sulfide-etc „Superacid Catalyzed Coal Conversion Chemistry. 1st and 2nd Quarterly Technical Progress Reports, September 1, 1983 — March 30, 1984.“], [[University of Southern California]], [[United States Department of Energy]], (1984).</ref><ref>Olah, G. A. [https://www.osti.gov/biblio/5253008-superacid-catalyzed-coal-conversion-chemistry-final-technical-report-september-september „Superacid Catalyzed Coal Conversion Chemistry. Final Technical Report, September 1, 1983 — September 1, 1986.“], [[University of Southern California]], [[United States Department of Energy]], (1986).</ref>. 2005-yilda Olah metanol iqtisodiyotini targʻib qiluvchi ensay yozgan. U metanolni gidrogen gazi (H2) va sanoatdan olingan yoki atmosfera karbonadioksididan (CO2) ishlab chiqarish jarayonini quvvatlash uchun qayta tiklanuvchi manbalardan energiya foydalanishni taklif qilgan<ref>{{Cite journal|last=George A. Olah|title=Beyond Oil and Gas: The Methanol Economy|journal=[[Angewandte Chemie International Edition]]|volume=44|issue=18|pages=2636–2639|year=2005|doi=10.1002/anie.200462121|pmid=15800867|url=http://d-nb.info/1149717262/04}}</ref>. 

== Shaxsiy hayoti ==
U 1949-yilda ''Judit Agnes Lengyel'' bilan turmushga chiqdi va ular ikkita farzandga ega boʻlishdi, 1954-yilda Vengriyada tugʻilgan György (''Jorj'') va 1959-yilda AQShda tugʻilgan Ronald<ref name="wiley" />. Olah 2017-yil 8 mart kuni Kaliforniya shtatining Beverli Hils shahridagi uyida vafot etdi<ref name="abc1">{{Yangiliklar manbasi |last=Rogers |first=John |date=March 9, 2017 |title=George A. Olah, who won Nobel Prize in chemistry, dies at 89 |publisher=ABC |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Technology/wireStory/hungarian-american-nobel-winner-george-olah-dies-aged-46017676 |url-status=dead |access-date=March 10, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170309200510/https://abcnews.go.com/Technology/wireStory/hungarian-american-nobel-winner-george-olah-dies-aged-46017676 |archive-date=March 9, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Yangiliklar manbasi |title=Hungarian-American Nobel winner George A. Olah dies aged 89 |work=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/hungarian-american-nobel-winner-george-a-olah-dies-aged-89/2017/03/09/8ebf8b92-04dd-11e7-9d14-9724d48f5666_story.html |url-status=dead |access-date=March 15, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170309191125/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/hungarian-american-nobel-winner-george-a-olah-dies-aged-89/2017/03/09/8ebf8b92-04dd-11e7-9d14-9724d48f5666_story.html |archive-date=March 9, 2017}}</ref>. Uning oʻlimidan soʻng Vengriya hukumati „umumi katta vatanparvar va Vengriya ilmiy hayotining eng taniqli shaxslaridan birini yoʻqotganini“ aytgan<ref name="abc1" />.

== Mukofotlar va sharaflar ==
[[Fayl:Oláh_György_a_Parlamentben.jpg|thumb|Olah 2010-yilda]]

* 1970-yil ACS Henry Morley medallari<ref name="scalacs"/>
* 1989-yil Kaliforniya yil olimlari<ref name="scalacs" />
* 1989-yil Organik kimyo sohasida Rogeer Adams mukofoti[1]<ref name="scalacs" />
* 1993-yil Amerika kimyolar instituti tomonidan Kimyoviy kashshoflik mukofoti<ref>{{Veb manbasi |url=http://www.theaic.org/award_winners/chem_pioneer.html#cpa60s |sarlavha=Chemical Pioneer Award |nashriyot=American Institute of Chemists |qaralgan sana=November 30, 2015}}</ref>
* 1994-yil Nobel mukofoti kimyo sohasida<ref name="nobelprize"/>
* 1996-yil ACS F. A. Koton medali<ref>{{Veb manbasi |url=http://www.chem.tamu.edu/acs/index.php?pg=cottonaw |sarlavha=F.A. Cotton Medal for Excellence in Chemical Research- PREVIOUS RECIPIENTS |nashriyot=American Chemical Society |qaralgan sana=November 30, 2015}}</ref>
* 1996-yil Amerika akademiyasi tomonidan oltin plakasi mukofoti<ref>{{Veb manbasi |sarlavha=Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement |ish=www.achievement.org |nashriyot=[[American Academy of Achievement]] |url=https://achievement.org/our-history/golden-plate-awards/#science-exploration}}</ref>
* 1997-yilda Royal Society (ForMemRS) xorijiy aʼzosi etib saylandi<ref name="formemrs">{{Veb manbasi |arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151005225440/https://royalsociety.org/people/george-olah-12022/ |arxivsana=October 5, 2015 |url=https://royalsociety.org/people/george-olah-12022/ |sarlavha=Professor George Olah ForMemRS Foreign Member |nashriyot=[[Royal Society]]}}</ref>.
* 2001 Arthur C. Cope mukofoti
* 2001-yil Amerika falsafa jamiyati aʼzosi etib saylandi<ref>{{Veb manbasi |sarlavha=APS Member History |url=https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=George+A.+Olah&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced |qaralgan sana=2021-07-13 |ish=search.amphilsoc.org |arxivsana=2021-07-13 |arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210713151543/https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=George+A.+Olah&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced }}</ref>
* 2005-yil Amerika kimyo jamiyati tomonidan Priestley medal

== Manbalar ==
{{Manbalar|35em}}
[[Turkum:Amerikalik kimyogarlar]]
[[Turkum:Kimyo boʻyicha Nobel mukofoti sovrindorlari]]
[[Turkum:2017-yilda vafot etganlar]]
[[Turkum:1927-yilda tugʻilganlar]]
[[Turkum:Amerikalik Nobel mukofoti laureatlari]]