Katmandu sahifasining manbasini koʻrish

{{Turar-joy bilgiqutisi
|name                    = Katmandu
|native_name             = काठमाडौँ
|native_name_lang        = Kasthamandaw, Kantipur, Yen
|settlement_type         = Poytaxt shahar
|image_skyline           = {{Multiple image
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| total_width = 300 
| image_style = 
| caption_align = center
| perrow      = 1/2/2/1
| image1      = Kathmandu - panoramio (2).jpg
| caption1    = Katmandu silueti
| image2      = Ghantaghar Kathmandu.jpg
| caption2    = [[Ghanta Ghar (Katmandu)|Ghanta Ghar]]
| image3      = DHARAHARA TOWER.jpg
| caption3    = [[Dharahara]]
| image4      = Pashupatinath Temple-2020.jpg
| caption4    = [[Pashupatinath ibodatxonasi]]
| image5      = Narayanhiti Palace Museum, crop.jpg
| caption5    = [[Narayanhiti saroyi]]
| image6      = Kathmandu Durbar Square, Shiva Parvati Temple, Nepal.jpg
| caption6    = [[Katmandu Durbar maydoni]]}}
|imagesize               = 300
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|image_flag              = Flag of Kathmandu, Nepal.svg
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|etymology               = 
|nickname                = Ibodatxonalar shahri<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.yakandyeti.com/exploring-the-city-of-temples |title=Exploring the City of Temples &#124; Kathmandu Valley &#124; Blog }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.nepaltrekkinginfo.com/all-about-kathmandu/ |title=All About Kathmandu |date=February 2022 |accessdate=2024-05-13 |archivedate=2023-09-28 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230928221302/https://www.nepaltrekkinginfo.com/all-about-kathmandu/ }}</ref>
|motto                   = {{lang-ne|सांस्कृतिक सहर, काठमाडौं महानगर|lit=Cultural City, Kathmandu Metropolitan City}}
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|pushpin_map             = Nepal Bagmati Province#Nepal#Asia
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|subdivision_type        = Mamlakat
|subdivision_name        = {{flag|Nepal}}
|subdivision_type1       = Viloyat
|subdivision_name1       =[[Bagmati viloyati|Bagmati]] 
|subdivision_type2       = Tuman
|subdivision_name2       = [[Katmandu tumani|Katmandu]]
|subdivision_type3       = 
|subdivision_name3       = 
|established_title       = 
|established_date        = 
|founder                 = [[Manjushri]]
|seat_type               = 
|seat                    = 
|government_footnotes    = 
|government_type         = Mayor-kengash hukumati
|governing_body          = Katmandu Metropolitan hukumati
|leader_party            = 
|leader_title            = Meri
|leader_name             = [[Balen Shah]] ([[Mustaqil siyosatchi|Ind.]])
|leader_title1           = Hokim o'rinbosari
|leader_name1            = [[Sunita Dangol]] ([[Nepal Kommunistik partiyasi (Birlashgan marksistik-leninchi)|UML]])
|leader_title2           = Ijrochi direktor
|leader_name2            = Pradeep Pariyar<ref>{{cite web |url=https://kathmandu.gov.np/official-type/employee-en/?lang=en |title=Chief Administrative Officer of Kathmandu Metropolitan City |access-date=21 October 2022 |archive-date=21 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221021045834/https://kathmandu.gov.np/official-type/employee-en/?lang=en |url-status=live }}</ref>
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|unit_pref               = Metric
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|area_footnotes          = <ref name="auto">{{cite web |url=https://cbs.gov.np/wp-content/upLoads/2022/01/Final%20Preliminary%20Report%20of%20Census%202021%20Newfinal.pdf |title=Archived copy |website=cbs.gov.np |access-date=22 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220206104652/https://cbs.gov.np/wp-content/upLoads/2022/01/Final%20Preliminary%20Report%20of%20Census%202021%20Newfinal.pdf |archive-date=6 February 2022 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
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<!-- square kilometers -->
|area_total_km2          = 49.45
|area_land_km2           = 
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|area_metro_km2          = 899
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|length_km               = 
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|dimensions_footnotes    = 
|elevation_footnotes     = 
|elevation_m             = 1400
|population_footnotes    = 
|population_as_of        = 2021
|population_total        = 856,767
|population_density_km2  = {{density|845,767|49.45}}
|population_note         = 
|population_demonym      = 
|timezone1               = [[Nepal standart vaqti]]
|utc_offset1             = +05:45
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|postal_code_type        = Pochta kodi
|postal_code             = 44600
|area_code_type          = 
|area_code               = 01
|area_codes              = <!-- for multiple area codes -->
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|website                 = {{URL|www.kathmandu.gov.np}}
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}}
'''Katmandu''' — [[Nepal]] poytaxti. Mamlakatning iqtisodiy va madaniy markazi. [[Baghmati daryosi]] sohilida, 1360 m balandlikda joylashgan. Iqlimi mussonli, tropik togʻ iqlimi, iyulning oʻrtacha temperaturasi 24,5°, yanvarniki 18,3°. Yillik yogʻin 1400 mm. Tez-tez zilzila boʻlib turadi. Aholisi shahar atrofi bilan 420 ming kishidan ziyod (1990-yillar oʻrtalari).

Katmanduga 724-yilda asos solingan, dastlab [[Kantipur]] deb atalgan. Katmandu nomi XVI asr oxirida qurilgan Kastamandap ibodatxonasi nomidan olingan. Katmandu XII-XVIII asr oʻrtalarigacha hozirgi Nepal xududida mavjud boʻlgan turli knyazliklarning poytaxti boʻlib keldi. 1769-yildan Nepal davlatining poytaxti.

Katmandu — transport yoʻllarining muhim tuguni. Havo yoʻllari orqali Nepalning boshqa shaharlari, shuningdek, [[Hindiston]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Myanma]], [[Tailand]] bilan bogʻlangan. Yengil va oziq-ovqat sanoatlari rivojlangan. Qishloq xoʻjaligi mahsulotlarini qayta ishlovchi korxona koʻp, hunarmandchilik korxonalari va ustaxonalar ham bor. Badiiy oʻymakorlik va zargarlik buyumlari tayyorlanadi. Toʻqimachilik, koʻn poyabzal, remont-mexanika, kulolchilik korxonalari, gʻishtcherepitsa zavodi va b. mavjud. Universitet, kollejlar, Qirollik akademiyasi, Milliy, Markaziy kutubxonalar, Milliy teatr va muzey, gospital va boshqa bor.

Katmandu — [[Buddizm]] dini markazlaridan. Meʼmoriy yodgorliklari: [[Katx Mandir]] (Kastamandap) pagodasi (1596), saroy va ibodatxonalar majmui (XV-XVIII asrlar), saroy (XX asr), [[Bhismena]] minorasi (1834) va b. Shahar yaqinida [[Bodxnatx stupasi]] va [[Svayambxunatx]] meʼmoriy-skulptura majmuasi (mil. av. III asr), Pashupatinatx ibodatxona majmuasi (XIII asr) saqlangan<ref>[[Oʻzbekiston milliy ensiklopediyasi|OʻzME]]. Birinchi jild. Toshkent, 2000-yil</ref>.
==Etimologiyasi==
Katmandu shahri [[Durbar]] maydonida joylashgan Kasthamandap ibodatxonasi sharafiga nomlangan. [[Sanskrit]] tilidan tarjima qilingan Kastha (काष्ठ) so'zlari "daraxt" va Mandap (/मण्डप) "boshpana" degan ma'noni anglatadi. Maru Satal nomi bilan ham tanilgan ushbu ma'bad 1596-yilda qirol [[Lakshmi Narsingh Malla]] tomonidan qurilgan. Ikki darajali struktura temir mixlardan foydalanmasdan butunlay yog'ochdan yasalgan. Afsonaga ko'ra, ibodatxona qurilishida ishlatiladigan barcha yog'ochlar bitta daraxtdan olingan<ref name=introd>{{cite web|url=http://www.kathmandu.gov.np/index.php?cid=1&pr_id=1|title=Introduction|access-date=2009-12-12|publisher=Kathmandu Metropolitan City, Government of Nepal|archive-date=2011-07-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724190236/http://www.kathmandu.gov.np/index.php?cid=1&pr_id=1|url-status=live}}</ref>.

Oʻrta asrlarda shahar Kantipur (kāngāī) nomi bilan ham tanilgan. Bu nom ham ikki sanskrit so'zidan olingan - kanti va pur. "Kanti" ma'buda Lakshmining ismlaridan biri bo'lib, "pur" joy degan ma'noni anglatadi<ref>{{книга |ссылка=https://books.google.com/books?id=ijxAAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false |заглавие=An Account of the Kingdom of Nepaul |издательство=London: William Miller |год=1811 |язык=und |автор=Kirkpatrick, Colonel}} pp. 159, 162—163.</ref>.

Nyuarlar orasida Katmandu Yen Desa (येँ देश) nomi bilan mashhur. "Yen" Yambu (यम्बु) ning qisqartmasi bo'lib, dastlab Katmanduning shimoliy qismiga tegishli bo'lgan ism<ref>{{cite web|url=https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:h6sdBc7CLUEJ:himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/contributions/pdf/CNAS_11_01_reviews.pdf+Kathmandu+yambu+slusser&hl=en&gl=np&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESg2ceBxI2fFOKQgQawkxmzqzoMpH5CPM7DxxjITxvk6FEH37tQcNFg0lMHOlFu9vmfaAqritlH6E4NlF76dKsQdlL6TDPo9V6d86J_7eotAoYi7QKny7jwpszlL8p2lNVvIWjLj&sig=AHIEtbTGepgF3U_fNi5Y4cjlL4hx_DQzeA|title=Contributions to Nepalese Studies|publisher=CNAS, Tribhuvan University|access-date=2012-07-28|date=1983-12|archive-date=2014-07-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140728203828/https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache%3Ah6sdBc7CLUEJ%3Ahimalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk%2Fcollections%2Fjournals%2Fcontributions%2Fpdf%2FCNAS_11_01_reviews.pdf+Kathmandu+yambu+slusser&hl=en&gl=np&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESg2ceBxI2fFOKQgQawkxmzqzoMpH5CPM7DxxjITxvk6FEH37tQcNFg0lMHOlFu9vmfaAqritlH6E4NlF76dKsQdlL6TDPo9V6d86J_7eotAoYi7QKny7jwpszlL8p2lNVvIWjLj&sig=AHIEtbTGepgF3U_fNi5Y4cjlL4hx_DQzeA|url-status=live}}</ref>.
==Tarixi==
Katmanduda olib borilgan arxeologik qazishmalar bu yerda qadimiy sivilizatsiya mavjudligini tasdiqlaydi. Bu yerdan topilgan eng qadimgi haykal milodiy 185-yilga toʻgʻri keladi<ref name="Kantipur">{{cite web |url=http://www.ekantipur.com/nepal/article/?id=1485 |title=सुस्त उत्खनन » पुरातत्व » सम्पदा :: नेपाल :: |publisher=Ekantipur.com |date=2010-06-09 |access-date=2012-01-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100911000320/http://www.ekantipur.com/nepal/article/?id=1485 |archive-date=2010-09-11 |url-status=dead }}</ref> . Dhando Chaitiyada olib borilgan qazishmalar paytida 2000-yildan ortiqroq ekanligi taxmin qilinayotgan [[Brahmi]] yozuvlari boʻlgan gʻisht topildi. Toshlarga oʻyilgan yozuvlar Nepal tarixi haqida muhim maʼlumot manbai hisoblanadi.
=== Antik davri ===
Katmandu tarixining qadimiy davri afsona va rivoyatlarda tasvirlangan. [[Swayambhu Purana]]ga koʻra, zamonaviy Katmandu oʻrnida [[Nagdaxa]] deb nomlangan koʻl bor edi. Koʻl [[Manjushri]] tomonidan quritilgan, u [[Manjushripattan]] deb nomlangan shaharga asos solgan va [[Dxarmakara]]ni qurigan hududning hukmdori etib tayinlagan<ref name=prehistory>{{cite web|url=http://www.kathmandu.gov.np/index.php?cid=4&pr_id=4|title=History|access-date=2009-12-12|publisher=Government of Nepal|archive-date=2019-01-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107015826/http://www.kathmandu.gov.np/index.php?cid=4&pr_id=4|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=travel>{{cite web|url=http://www.newatravels.com/nepal/index.html|title=History:Ancient Nepal|access-date=2009-12-18|publisher=New Travels and Tours Ltd|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091228192743/http://www.newatravels.com/nepal/index.html|archive-date=2009-12-28|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="nepalmandal.com">{{cite web |last=Apr |first=Wed |url=http://www.nepalmandal.com/content/7752.html |title=Article:झीसं पत्याः यानाच्वनागु अन्धविश्वास – Author:विपेन्द्र महर्जन Nepalmandal |publisher=Nepalmandal.com |date=2010-04-21 |access-date=2012-01-15 |archive-date=2012-02-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120203210240/http://www.nepalmandal.com/content/7752.html |url-status=live }}</ref>.

Oʻrta asrlar [[Liqchaviylar]] sulolasi hukmdorlari qoʻshilishidan oldingi davr (taxminan eramizning 400-yillari) haqida juda kam maʼlumotlar saqlanib qolgan. Nepal monarxlari ([[Gopalraj Vansavali]]) shajarasiga koʻra, Likchavalardan oldin Katmandu vodiysining hukmdorlari gopallar, mahispallar, aabhirlar, kiratalar va somavanshilar boʻlgan. Kirata sulolasi Yalamber tomonidan asos solingan. Kirat hukmronligi davrida eski Katmanduning shimoliy qismida Yambu nomli aholi punkti paydo boʻlgan. Baʼzi [[Xitoy-Tibet]] tillarida Katmandu hali ham Yambu deb ataladi. Xuddi shu davrda zamonaviy shaharning janubiy qismida Yengalga asos solingan. Kirat sulolasining 7- hukmdori [[Jitedasti]] davrida buddist rohiblar Katmandu vodiysiga kirib, [[Sankxu]] oʻrmon monastiriga asos solgan.

=== Oʻrta asrlar davri ===
IV-V asrlarda likchavalar Katmandu vodiysiga [[Hind-Ganga]] tekisliklaridan yetib kelgan. Kirotlarni magʻlub etib, yangi hukmron sulolaga asos soldilar. Xuddi shu davrda, [[Lord Virudhaka]] tomonidan Limbinida uyushtirilgan genotsiddan qochib, Shakyas shimolga Yambu va Yengalga (Lanjagval va Manjupattan) koʻchib oʻtdi va Katmanduda birinchi doimiy Buddist monastiriga asos soldi. Ular kelganidan keyin Yambu Koligram, Yengal esa Dakshim Koligram deb atala boshlandi<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dsbcproject.org/manuscripts/short-history |title=A Short History of Sanskrit Buddhist Manuscripts |publisher=Dsbcproject.org |date= |access-date=2013-11-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/20130414141212/http://www.dsbcproject.org/manuscripts/short-history |archive-date=2013-04-14 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kathmandu.gov.np/Page_Ward+No.+23_38 |title=Kathmandu Metropolitan City |publisher=Kathmandu.gov.np |date= |access-date=2013-11-24 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120622181813/http://www.kathmandu.gov.np/Page_Ward%2BNo.%2B23_38 |archive-date=2012-06-22 }}</ref>.

Katmanduning oʻzi 723-yilda Likchavlar sulolasining hukmdori [[Gunamakadeva]] tomonidan tashkil etilgan boʻlib, u [[Koligram]] va [[Dakshim Koligram]]ni birlashtirgan. Shahar Manjushrining qilichi [[Chandrahrasa]] shaklida qurilgan. Katmandu [[Hindiston]] va [[Tibet]] oʻrtasidagi tranzit savdosida muhim rol oʻynagan. Savdo almashinuvi faol madaniy oʻzaro munosabatlarga ham olib keldi. Bu davrda Katmandu vodiysining tub aholisi boʻlmish nevarlar sanʼati vodiy ichida ham, tashqarisida ham keng talabga ega boʻldi. [[Newar]] rassomlari vodiy tashqarisidagi ibodatxonalarni boʻyash uchun keng qoʻllangan<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/249388/Raja-Gunakamadeva |title=Raja Gunakamadeva (Nepalese leader) — Encyclopedia Britannica<!-- Заголовок добавлен ботом --> |access-date=2014-06-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808042959/http://britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/249388/Raja-Gunakamadeva |archive-date=2014-08-08 |url-status=dead }}</ref>.

<br /><gallery class=center caption="Katmandu">
Kathmandu-Pratapamalla-08-vor Mini-Vishnu-Taleju-Jagannath-2013-gje.jpg
Kathmandu-Pratapamalla-04-2007-gje.jpg
Kathmandu-Shiva Parvati Mandir-12-2013-gje.jpg
Kathmandu-Asan-54-Marktfrau-Knoblauch-Zwiebel-Ingwer-2015-gje.jpg
Kathmandu-Dinner-42-Belle de Jour-2014-gje.jpg
Kathmandu-Hotel-12-Kantipur Temple House-Idyll-2014-gje.jpg
Kathmandu-Thamel-24-Bananen und Messing-2007-gje.jpg
Kathmandu, Nepal, Kaathe Swyambhu Complex.jpg
Kathmandu, Basantapur, Temples, Nepal.jpg
Kathmandu Durbar Square, Temples, Nepal.jpg
Kathmandu Durbar Square, Roofs, Nepal.jpg
Kathmandu, Basantapur, Flame, Nepal.jpg
</gallery>

== Manbalar ==
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[[Turkum:Nepal]]