PET-MRI sahifasining manbasini koʻrish

[[Fayl:PET-IRM-cabeza-Keosys.JPG|thumb|Pozitron emissiya tomografiyasi - magnit-rezonans tomografiya]]

'''Pozitron-emissiya tomografiyasi-magnit-rezonans tomografiya''' ('''PET-MRT''') gibrid ko'rish texnologiyasi bo'lib, unda [[MRT|magnit-rezonans tomografiya]] (MRI) yumshoq to'qimalarning morfologik tasviri va pozitron-emissiya tomografiyasi (PET) funktsional tasvirini o'z ichiga oladi.<ref name="AntochBockisch2008">{{jurnal manbasi|last=Antoch|first1=Gerald|last2=Bockisch|first2=Andreas|title=Combined PET/MRI: a new dimension in whole-body oncology imaging?|journal=European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging|volume=36|issue=S1|year=2008|pages=113–120|issn=1619-7070|doi=10.1007/s00259-008-0951-6|pmid=19104802}}</ref>

PET va MRI kombinatsiyasi R. Raylman tomonidan 1991-yilda doktorlik dissertatsiyasida tilga olingan.<ref>{{Veb manbasi|sarlavha=Reduction of positron range effects by the application of a magnetic field: For use with positron emission tomography|url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/303945199}}</ref> Bir vaqtning o'zida PET/MR ni aniqlash birinchi marta 1997-yilda namoyish etilgan, ammo klinik tizimlarning savdoga kirishi uchun yana 13 yil va yangi detektor texnologiyalari kerak bo'ldi.<ref name="lunabook">{{Kitob manbasi|last=Luna|first=Antonio|title=Functional Imaging in Oncology: Biophysical Basis and Technical Approaches|date=2013|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=9783642404122|page=421|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VJW4BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA421}}</ref>

== Talablar ==
Hozirgi vaqtda PET-MRIning asosiy klinik sohalari [[onkologiya]],<ref>{{jurnal manbasi|last=Buchbender C|display-authors=4|last2=Heusner TA|last3=Lauenstein TC|last4=Bockisch A|last5=Antoch G|title=Oncologic PET/MRI, part 1: tumors of the brain, head and neck, chest, abdomen, and pelvis|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-nuclear-medicine_2012-06_53_6/page/928|journal=Journal of Nuclear Medicine|volume=53|issue=6|pages=928–38|date=June 2012|pmid=22582048|doi=10.2967/jnumed.112.105338}}</ref><ref>{{jurnal manbasi|last=Buchbender C|display-authors=4|last2=Heusner TA|last3=Lauenstein TC|last4=Bockisch A|last5=Antoch G|title=Oncologic PET/MRI, part 2: bone tumors, soft-tissue tumors, melanoma, and lymphoma|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-nuclear-medicine_2012-08_53_8/page/1244|journal=Journal of Nuclear Medicine|volume=53|issue=8|pages=1244–52|date=August 2012|pmid=22782313|doi=10.2967/jnumed.112.109306}}</ref><ref>{{jurnal manbasi|last=Martinez-Möller A|last2=Eiber M|last3=Nekolla SG|display-authors=etal|title=Workflow and scan protocol considerations for integrated whole-body PET/MRI in oncology|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-nuclear-medicine_2012-09_53_9/page/1415|journal=Journal of Nuclear Medicine|volume=53|issue=9|pages=1415–26|date=September 2012|pmid=22879079|doi=10.2967/jnumed.112.109348}}</ref> [[kardiologiya]],<ref>{{jurnal manbasi|last=Rischpler C|last2=Nekolla SG|last3=Dregely I|last4=Schwaiger M|title=Hybrid PET/MR imaging of the heart: potential, initial experiences, and future prospects|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-nuclear-medicine_2013-03_54_3/page/402|journal=Journal of Nuclear Medicine|volume=54|issue=3|pages=402–15|date=March 2013|pmid=23404088|doi=10.2967/jnumed.112.105353}}</ref> [[nevrologiya]],<ref>{{jurnal manbasi|last=Dimou E|last2=Booij J|last3=Rodrigues M|display-authors=etal|title=Amyloid PET and MRI in Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment|journal=Current Alzheimer Research|volume=6|issue=3|pages=312–9|date=June 2009|pmid=19519314|doi=10.2174/156720509788486563}}</ref><ref>{{jurnal manbasi|last=Bremner JD|last2=Vythilingam M|last3=Vermetten E|display-authors=etal|title=MRI and PET study of deficits in hippocampal structure and function in women with childhood sexual abuse and posttraumatic stress disorder|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-psychiatry_2003-05_160_5/page/924|journal=The American Journal of Psychiatry|volume=160|issue=5|pages=924–32|date=May 2003|pmid=12727697|doi=10.1176/appi.ajp.160.5.924}}</ref> va  nevrologik ilmiy tekshirishklar hisoblanadi.<ref>{{jurnal manbasi|last=Cho|first1=Zang Hee|last2=Son|first2=Young Don|last3=Choi|first3=Eun Jung|last4=Kim|first4=Hang Keun|last5=Kim|first5=Jeong Hee|last6=Lee|first6=Sang Yoon|last7=Ogawa|first7=Seiji|last8=Kim|first8=Young Bo|title=In-vivo human brain molecular imaging with a brain-dedicated PET/MRI system|journal=Magnetic Resonance Materials in Physics, Biology and Medicine|date=3-avgust 2012-yil|volume=26|issue=1|pages=71–79|doi=10.1007/s10334-012-0329-4|pmid=22864642}}</ref> Hozirgi vaqtda yangi PET-MRI diagnostika usulining afzalliklarini tushunish uchun tadqiqot ishlari faol olib borilmoqda. Texnologiya MRI tomonidan taqdim etilgan to'qimalarning ajoyib strukturaviy va funktsional tavsifini metabolizmning PET tasvirining o'ta sezgirligi va noyob etiketli hujayra turlari yoki hujayra retseptorlarini kuzatish bilan birlashtiradi.

== Ishlab chiqaruvchilar ==
Bir nechta kompaniyalar klinik va klinikadan oldingi kombinatsiyalangan PET-MR tizimini taklif qiladilar, klinik tizimlar Philips, [[Siemens]], GE kompaniyalaridan mavjud. Ikki texnologiyani birlashtirishga turlicha yondashuvlar mavjud. Ba'zi dizaynlar asosan alohida mashinalar bo'lib, bitta xonada, bemorni bir skanerdan boshqasiga o'tkazishi mumkin bo'lgan yotoq bilan.<ref>{{jurnal manbasi|last=Torigian|first1=Drew A.|last2=Zaidi|first2=Habib|last3=Kwee|first3=Thomas C.|last4=Saboury|first4=Babak|last5=Udupa|first5=Jayaram K.|last6=Cho|first6=Zang-Hee|last7=Alavi|first7=Abass|title=PET/MR Imaging: Technical Aspects and Potential Clinical Applications|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_radiology_2013-04_267_1/page/26|journal=Radiology|date=April 2013|volume=267|issue=1|pages=26–44|doi=10.1148/radiol.13121038|pmid=23525716}}</ref><ref>{{Veb manbasi|sarlavha=The Past, Present and Future of PET/MRI Scanners|url=https://www.itnonline.com/article/past-present-and-future-petmri-scanners|ish=Imaging Technology News|kirish sanasi=15 January 2019|sana=5 May 2017}}</ref> To'liq integratsiyalashgan tizimlarga erishish texnik jihatdan eng qiyin, ammo bir vaqtning o'zida aniq moslashtirilgan xaridlarni amalga oshirish qobiliyati nuqtai nazaridan eng katta foyda keltiradi.<ref name="Jadvar14">{{jurnal manbasi|last=Jadvar|first1=Hossein|last2=Colletti|first2=Patrick M.|title=Competitive advantage of PET/MRI|journal=European Journal of Radiology|date=January 2014|volume=83|issue=1|pages=84–94|doi=10.1016/j.ejrad.2013.05.028|pmid=23791129|pmc=3800216}}</ref><ref>{{jurnal manbasi|last=Mannheim|first1=Julia G.|last2=Schmid|first2=Andreas M.|last3=Schwenck|first3=Johannes|last4=Katiyar|first4=Prateek|last5=Herfert|first5=Kristina|last6=Pichler|first6=Bernd J.|last7=Disselhorst|first7=Jonathan A.|title=PET/MRI Hybrid Systems|journal=Seminars in Nuclear Medicine|date=July 2018|volume=48|issue=4|pages=332–347|doi=10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2018.02.011|pmid=29852943}}</ref>

=== Klinik tizimlar ===
Birinchi ikkita klinik butun tana PET-MRI tizimi Philips tomonidan 2010-yilda Qo'shma Shtatlardagi Mount Sinay tibbiyot markazida va [[Shveysariya|Shveytsariyadagi]] Jeneva universiteti kasalxonasida o'rnatildi. Tizimda aylanma yotoq bilan ajratilgan PET va MRI skanerlari mavjud edi.<ref>{{Veb manbasi|muallif=Wood|ism=Harry|sarlavha=PET-MRI scanner opens new frontier in medical imaging|url=http://www.mtbeurope.info/content/ft1005002.htm|ish=Medical Technology Business Europe|kirish sanasi=15 January 2019|sana=28 May 2010}}</ref><ref>{{jurnal manbasi|last=Muzic|first1=Raymond F.|last2=DiFilippo|first2=Frank P.|title=Positron Emission Tomography-Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Technical Review|journal=Seminars in Roentgenology|date=July 2014|volume=49|issue=3|pages=242–254|doi=10.1053/j.ro.2014.10.001|pmid=25497909|pmc=4451572}}</ref>

Siemens bir vaqtning o'zida PET/MR sotib olishni taklif qilgan birinchi kompaniya bo'lib, birinchi tizimlar 2010-yilda ko'chki fotodiod detektorlari asosida o'rnatilgan.<ref>{{Kitob manbasi|last=Zaidi|first=Habib|title=PET/MRI: Advances in Instrumentation and Quantitative Procedures, An Issue of PET Clinics|date=2016|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=9780323417686|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BfAVDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA101}}</ref><ref name="lunabook"/>

Hozirgi vaqtda Siemens va GE to'liq integratsiyalashgan butun tanani va bir vaqtning o'zida PET-MRI tizimini taklif qiladigan yagona kompaniyalardir. Siemens tizimi (Biograph mMR) 2011-yilda mijoz sotib olish uchun CE belgisi<ref>{{Veb manbasi|url=http://www.siemens.com/press/en/pressrelease/?press=/en/pressrelease/2011/imaging_therapy/him20110630.htm|sarlavha=Siemens receives CE mark for whole-body molecular MR system|nashriyot=Healthcare Sector, Siemens AG|sana=2011-06-01|kirish sanasi=2014-01-05}}
</ref> va FDA ma'qullashini<ref>{{Veb manbasi|url=https://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm258700.htm|sarlavha=FDA clears new system to perform simultaneous PET, MRI scans|nashriyot=U.S. Food and Drug Administration|sana=2011-06-10|kirish sanasi=2014-01-04}}
</ref> oldi.

GE tizimi (SIGNA PET/MR) 2014-yilda 510K va Idoralar belgisini oldi. 

=== Preklinik tizimlar ===
Hozirgi vaqtda gibrid tomografiya usuli sifatida pozitron emissiya tomografiyasi (PET) va magnit-rezonans tomografiya (MRI) kombinatsiyasi nafaqat uning paydo bo'layotgan klinik qo'llanilishida, balki preklinik sohada ham katta e'tiborga ega. So'nggi yillarda PET detektorlarining bir nechta turlariga asoslangan bir nechta dizaynlar ishlab chiqilgan bo'lib, ulardan ba'zilari birinchi preklinik tadqiqotlar uchun ishlatilgan.<ref>{{jurnal manbasi|doi=10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2012.08.004|title=Applications for Preclinical PET/MRI|date=2013|last=Judenhofer|first1=Martin S.|last2=Cherry|first2=Simon R.|journal=Seminars in Nuclear Medicine|volume=43|pages=19–29|pmid=23178086|issue=1}}</ref><ref>{{Kitob manbasi|doi=10.1109/NSSMIC.2011.6152496|title=SiPM based preclinical PET/MR insert for a human 3T MR: first imaging experiments|date=2011|last=Schulz|first=Volkmar|pages=4467–4469|isbn=978-1-4673-0120-6}}</ref><ref>{{jurnal manbasi|doi=10.1016/j.nima.2013.08.077|pmid=25843999|pmc=4376059|title=PET/MRI insert using digital SiPMs: Investigation of MR-compatibility|date=2013|last=Wehner|first1=Jakob|last2=Weissler|first2=Bjoern|last3=Dueppenbecker|first3=Peter|last4=Gebhardt|first4=Pierre|last5=Schug|first5=David|last6=Ruetten|first6=Walter|last7=Kiessling|first7=Fabian|last8=Schulz|first8=Volkmar|journal=Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment|bibcode=2014NIMPA.734..116W|volume=734|issue=Pt B|pages=116–121}}</ref>

== PET-KT bilan taqqoslash ==
PETni rentgen [[Kompyuter tomograf|kompyuter tomografiyasi]] (KT) bilan kombinatsiyasi PET tasvirlashning eng keng tarqalgan texnologiyasidir. PET-KT va PET-MR bilan ham maqsadli afzallik PET tomonidan taqdim etilgan funktsional tasvirni KT yoki MRIdan olingan strukturaviy ([[Anatomiya|anatomik]]) ma'lumotlar bilan birlashtirishdir. Turli xil skanerlash seanslarida to'plangan turli xil usullardagi tasvirlar tasvirni ro'yxatga olish orqali qoplanishi mumkin bo'lsa-da, bir vaqtning o'zida olish tasvirlarni yaxshiroq moslashtirish va to'g'ridan-to'g'ri korrelyatsiyani ta'minlaydi. Tasvirlash usullarini bitta skanerlash seansida birlashtirish, shuningdek, nurlanish sonini kamaytirish va shuning uchun bemorning qulayligini yaxshilash afzalligiga ega.<ref>{{Veb manbasi|muallif=Kaplan|ism=Deborah Abrams|sarlavha=PET/MRI: Reflections Two Years After FDA Approval|url=http://www.diagnosticimaging.com/pet-ct/petmri-reflections-two-years-after-fda-approval|ish=Diagnostic Imaging|kirish sanasi=15 January 2019|sana=12 June 2013|qaralgan sana=2022-06-16|arxivsana=2019-04-16|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190416081706/https://www.diagnosticimaging.com/pet-ct/petmri-reflections-two-years-after-fda-approval}}</ref><ref>{{jurnal manbasi|pmc=2762705|pmid=18396179|doi=10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2008.02.001|volume=38|issue=3|title=Positron emission tomography/magnetic resonance imaging: the next generation of multimodality imaging?|year=2008|journal=Semin Nucl Med|pages=199–208|author-link=Bernd Pichler}}</ref>

Mustaqil KT yoki MR ko'rish o'rtasidagi tanlovga ta'sir ko'rsatadigan xuddi shunday klinik qarorlar, shuningdek, PET-KT yoki PET-MR afzal bo'ladigan joylarni ham aniqlaydi.<ref name="Jadvar14"/> Misol uchun, MRI ning KT bilan solishtirganda afzalliklaridan biri uning yumshoq to'qimalarning yuqori kontrasti, KT esa MRIga qaraganda tezroq bo'lishining afzalligi.

PET-CT ga nisbatan PET-MR ning aniq afzalligi - olingan past umumiy ionlashtiruvchi nurlanish dozasi. Tanadagi PET-KT ilovalari uchun tekshiruvning KT qismi nurlanish dozasining taxminan 60-80% ni tashkil qiladi, qolgan nurlanish dozasi esa PET [[Radioaktiv farmatsevtika|radiofarmatsevtikasidan]] kelib chiqadi.<ref>{{jurnal manbasi|last=Martí-Climent|first1=Josep M.|last2=Prieto|first2=Elena|last3=Morán|first3=Verónica|last4=Sancho|first4=Lidia|last5=Rodríguez-Fraile|first5=Macarena|last6=Arbizu|first6=Javier|last7=García-Velloso|first7=María J.|last8=Richter|first8=José A.|date=December 2017|title=Effective dose estimation for oncological and neurological PET/CT procedures|journal=EJNMMI Research|volume=7|issue=1|pages=37|doi=10.1186/s13550-017-0272-5|pmid=28439843|pmc=5403773|issn=2191-219X}}</ref> Aksincha, MRIdan ionlashtiruvchi nurlanish dozasi olinmaydi. Shuning uchun PET-MR bolalarda, ayniqsa onkologiya yoki surunkali yallig'lanish sharoitida qo'llaniladigan ketma-ket kuzatuv tekshiruvlari uchun jozibador.<ref>{{jurnal manbasi|last=Ehman|first1=Eric C.|last2=Johnson|first2=Geoffrey B.|last3=Villanueva-Meyer|first3=Javier E.|last4=Cha|first4=Soonmee|last5=Leynes|first5=Andrew Palmera|last6=Larson|first6=Peder Eric Zufall|last7=Hope|first7=Thomas A.|date=November 2017|title=PET/MRI: Where might it replace PET/CT?|journal=Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging|volume=46|issue=5|pages=1247–1262|doi=10.1002/jmri.25711|pmc=5623147|pmid=28370695}}</ref>

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== Manbalar ==
{{Medical imaging}}<references />
[[Turkum:PET]]
[[Turkum:Diagnostika]]
[[Turkum:Tibbiy uskunalar]]