There are known knowns sahifasining manbasini koʻrish

[[Fayl:Defense.gov_News_Photo_020221-D-9880W-080.jpg|link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Defense.gov_News_Photo_020221-D-9880W-080.jpg/220px-Defense.gov_News_Photo_020221-D-9880W-080.jpg|right|thumb| Ramsfeld 2002-yil fevral oyida Pentagondagi [[Matbuot konferensiyasi|brifingda]]]]
„'''There are known knowns'''“ — bu AQSh Mudofaa vaziri Donald Ramsfeldning 2002-yil 12-fevralda [[AQSH mudofaa vazirligi|AQSh Mudofaa vazirligi]] (DoD) [[Matbuot konferensiyasi|brifingida]] terroristik guruhlarga [[Ommaviy qirgʻin qurollari|ommaviy qirgʻin qurollarini]] yetkazib berish bilan Iroq hukumatini bogʻlovchi dalillar yoʻqligi haqidagi savolga bergan javobidan<ref name="defense.gov-transcript">{{Veb manbasi|url=http://archive.defense.gov/Transcripts/Transcript.aspx?TranscriptID=2636|sarlavha=Defense.gov News Transcript: DoD News Briefing – Secretary Rumsfeld and Gen. Myers, United States Department of Defense (defense.gov)|sana=2002-02-12|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/20180320091111/http://archive.defense.gov/Transcripts/Transcript.aspx?TranscriptID=2636|arxivsana=2018-03-20}} </ref>.

Ramsfeld shunday dedi:{{Quote|Biror narsa sodir bo'lmagani haqidagi xabarlar men uchun doim qiziq, chunki biz bilganimizdek, ma'lum narsalar bor; biz biladigan narsalar bor. Biz ham ma'lum noma'lumlar borligini bilamiz; ya'ni biz bilmagan ba'zi narsalar borligini bilamiz. Ammo noma'lum noma'lumlar ham bor - biz bilmagan, biz bilmaganlar. Mamlakatimiz va boshqa erkin mamlakatlar tarixiga nazar tashlaydigan boʻlsak, eng qiyin toifadagilar oxirgi toifadir<ref name="defense.gov-transcript"/>.}}Ushbu bayonot koʻplab izohlarga sabab boʻldi. ''Qaror kitobida'' [https://www.goodreads.com/author/show/3169010.Mikael_Krogerus Mikael Krogerus] buni „Ramsfeld matritsasi“ deb ataydi<ref>{{Kitob manbasi|last=Krogerus|first=Mikael|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/738350045|title=The Decision Book: Fifty Models for Strategic Thinking|date=2012|publisher=W.W. Norton & Co|others=Roman Tschäppeler, Jenny Piening|isbn=978-0-393-07961-6|edition=1st American|location=New York|pages=86-87|language=English|oclc=738350045}}</ref>. Bayonotda, shuningdek, Errol Morris rejissyorligidagi 2013-yilda suratga olingan ''"Nomaʼlum maʼlum"(The Unknown Known)'' [[Hujjatli film|hujjatli filmi]] ham mavjud<ref name="GirardGirard2009">{{Kitob manbasi|last=Girard|first=John|title=A Leader's Guide to Knowledge Management: Drawing on the Past to Enhance Future Performance|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vqnTceVAjsUC&pg=PA55|accessdate=February 10, 2014|date=June 1, 2009|publisher=Business Expert Press|isbn=9781606490198|pages=55–}}</ref>.

== Kelib chiqishi ==
Ramsfeldning bayonoti koʻplab maʼlum, maʼlum nomaʼlum va nomaʼlum nomaʼlum tushunchalarga koʻp shon-shuhrat va jamoatchilik eʼtiborini tortdi, ammo milliy xavfsizlik va razvedka mutaxassislari uzoq vaqtdan beri Johari oynasi deb ataladigan tahlil usulidan foydalanganlar. Nomaʼlum nomaʼlumlar gʻoyasi 1955-yilda ikki amerikalik psixolog Jozef Luft (1916-2014) va Xarrington Ingham (1916-1995) tomonidan Johari oynasini ishlab chiqishda yaratilgan. Ular buni odamlarga oʻzlari va boshqalar bilan boʻlgan munosabatlarini yaxshiroq tushunishga yordam berish uchun texnika sifatida ishlatishgan.

Bu atama [[NASA]] ichida ham keng tarqalgan edi<ref>{{Veb manbasi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dRMrAAAAMAAJ&q=%22unknown+unknowns%22&pg=PA73|sarlavha=NASA Program Management and Procurement Procedures and Practices: Hearings Before the Subcommittee on Space Science and Applications of the Committee on Science and Technology, U.S. House of Representatives, Ninety-seventh Congress, First Session, June 24, 25, 1981|yil=1981}}</ref>. Ramsfeld oʻz xotiralarida NASA maʼmuri Uilyam Gremni keltirgan; u 1990-yillarning oxirida AQShga ballistik raketa tahdidini baholash komissiyasida birga ishlaganlarida u „iboraning bir variantini“ birinchi marta Gremdan eshitganini yozgan<ref name="Rumsfeld1">{{Kitob manbasi|last=Rumsfeld|first=Donald|title=Known and Unknown: A Memoir|date=2011|publisher=Penguin Group|location=New York|isbn=9781101502495|page=xiv|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_wIcpxMOjD4C&pg=PT15}}</ref>. Oʻsha paytda NASA Goddard kosmik parvozlar markazida maxsus olim sifatida ishlagan [[Astrofizika|astrofizik]] Kirk Born 2013-yil aprel [[TED|TED nutqida]] Milliy xavfsizlik boʻlimiga oʻtishni rejalashtirish boʻlimi xodimlari bilan suhbatda „nomaʼlum nomaʼlumlar“ iborasini ishlatganini taʼkidladi. Ofis Ramsfeldning soʻzlaridan bir necha kun oldin maʼlum qildi va bu muddat Ramsfeld va mudofaa vazirligidagi boshqa yuqori martabali amaldorlarga ham oʻtgan boʻlishi mumkin, deb taxmin qildi<ref>{{Veb manbasi|sarlavha=Big Data, Small World: Kirk Borne at TEDxGeorgeMasonU|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zr02fMBfuRA|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220804070021/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zr02fMBfuRA|arxivsana=2022-08-04|kirish sanasi=September 14, 2015}}</ref>.

„Maʼlum nomaʼlumlar“ va „nomaʼlum nomaʼlumlar“ atamalari koʻpincha loyihalarni boshqarish va strategik rejalashtirish<ref>{{Veb manbasi|url=https://hbr.org/1997/11/strategy-under-uncertainty|sarlavha=Strategy Under Uncertainty|sana=November 1997}}</ref> doiralarida qoʻllanadi.

Maʼlum boʻlgan nomaʼlumlar „siz biladigan xavflarni, masalan, bekor qilingan parvozlarni anglatadi.“<ref name="Biafore">{{Veb manbasi|url=http://www.lynda.com/Business-Skills-tutorials/Identifying-risks/80780/95069-4.html|sarlavha=Project Management Fundamentals|sana=December 14, 2011|kirish sanasi=October 17, 2015|ish=Lynda.com|nashriyot=Lynda.com/LinkedIN|muallif=Biafore|ism=Bonnie|arxivsana=2016-03-08|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308052944/http://www.lynda.com/Business-Skills-tutorials/Identifying-risks/80780/95069-4.html}}</ref>

Nomaʼlum nomaʼlumlar — bu juda kutilmagan vaziyatlardan kelib chiqadigan xavflar, ular hisobga olinmaydi. Zamonaviy foydalanish asosan maʼlum boʻlgan eng qadimgi foydalanish bilan mos keladi. Misol uchun, bu atama 1979-yilda [[Britaniya Kolumbiyasi]] Qirollik Uran qazib olish boʻyicha tergov komissiyasiga berilgan dalillarda ishlatilgan:{{Quote|Sayt sharoitlari har doim noma'lum yoki noaniqliklarni keltirib chiqaradi, ular qurilish yoki ekspluatatsiya jarayonida ob'ektga zarar etkazishi mumkin va atrof-muhitga zarar etkazishi yoki aholi salomatligi va xavfsizligiga xavf tug'dirishi mumkin. Noma'lumlar tomonidan yuzaga keladigan xavf ma'lum darajada o'tmishdagi tajribaga nisbatan noma'lumning tabiatiga bog'liq. Bu meni noma'lumlarni quyidagi ikki turdan biriga tasniflashimga olib keldi: 1. ma'lum noma'lumlar (kutilgan yoki oldindan ko'rish mumkin bo'lgan shartlar), ular asosli ravishda taxmin qilinishi mumkin, ammo o'tmish tajribasiga asoslangan holda miqdoriy aniqlanmaydigan holatlar tarixi (A ilovasida) va 2. Noma'lum noma'lumlar (kutilmagan yoki oldindan aytib bo'lmaydigan sharoitlar), ular o'tmishdagi tajriba yoki tergov asosida oldindan aytib bo'lmaydiganligi sababli kattaroq xavf tug'diradi.
Known unknowns result from recognized but poorly understood phenomena. On the other hand, unknown unknowns are phenomena which cannot be expected because there has been no prior experience or theoretical basis for expecting the phenomena.<ref>{{kitob manbasi |url= http://www.empr.gov.bc.ca/Mining/Geoscience/PublicationsCatalogue/Papers/Pages/1980-7.aspx <!-- this maybe the document, see page 2 subtitle 'Phase V Waste Disposal' but seems not to cite actual 'Statement' --> |title= Statement of Evidence of E. D'Appolonia, D'Appolonia Consulting Engineers, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania |series= Proceedings of the British Columbia Royal Commission of Inquiry into Uranium Mining |work= Phase V: Waste Disposal |id= 0005037606 |isbn= 978-0-7718-8198-5 |chapterurl= http://www.empr.gov.bc.ca/Mining/Geoscience/PublicationsCatalogue/Papers/Pages/1980-7.aspx |access-date= 2022-08-10 |archive-date= 2019-02-08 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190208102304/http://www.empr.gov.bc.ca/Mining/Geoscience/PublicationsCatalogue/Papers/Pages/1980-7.aspx }}</ref>}}Bu atama, shuningdek, 1982-yilda ''Nyu-Yorkerning'' aerokosmik sanoatiga bagʻishlangan maqolasida ham paydo boʻlgan, unda 1950-yillarda de Havilland Comet samolyotlarining halokatiga sabab boʻlgan metall charchoq misoli keltirilgan<ref>{{Citation|last=Newhouse|first1=J.|date=June 14, 1982|title=A reporter at large: a sporty game; 1-betting the company|journal=New Yorker|url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/1982/06/14/a-sporty-game-i-betting-the-company|pages=48–105}}.</ref>.

== Reaksiya ==
Bu soʻzlar umuman Bush maʼmuriyati va xususan Ramsfeldga nisbatan masxara qilishga olib kelgan boʻlsa-da, bayonotni hurmat qiladiganlar ham bor. Himoyachilar orasida [[Kanadaliklar|kanadalik]] sharhlovchi Mark Steyn ham bor, u buni „aslida juda murakkab masala“ deb atagan<ref name="telegraph">{{Yangiliklar manbasi |last=Steyn, Mark |author-link=Mark Steyn |date=December 9, 2003 |title=Rummy speaks the truth, not gobbledygook |publisher=Daily Telegraph |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/personal-view/3599959/Rummy-speaks-the-truth-not-gobbledygook.html |access-date=October 30, 2008}}</ref> va avstraliyalik iqtisodchi va [[Blog|blogger]] Jon Quiggin, "Til qiynoqqa solinishi mumkin boʻlsa-da, toʻgʻri va muhim asosiy nuqta hamdir<ref>{{Veb manbasi|muallif=Quiggin, John|muallifhavola=John Quiggin|url=http://johnquiggin.com/index.php/archives/2004/02/10/in-defense-of-rumsfeld/|sarlavha=In Defense of Rumsfeld|sana=February 10, 2004}}</ref>.

Psixoanalitik [[Falsafa|faylasuf]] Slavoy Jijekning aytishicha, bu uchta toifadan tashqari toʻrtinchisi, nomaʼlum maʼlum boʻlgan narsa borki, u bilganini tan olishni ataylab rad etadi: "Agar Ramsfeld Iroq bilan qarama-qarshilikdagi asosiy xavf „nomaʼlum nomaʼlumlar“ deb hisoblasa, yaʼni biz tabiatan hatto gumon qila olmaydigan Saddamning tahdidlari, keyin Abu Gʻrayb mojarosi koʻrsatadiki, asosiy xavflar „nomaʼlum maʼlumotlar“da — inkor etilgan eʼtiqodlar, farazlar va uyatsiz amaliyotlardir, garchi ular haqida bilmaganday qaramay va ular ijtimoiy qadriyatlarimiz fonini tashkil qiladi"<ref>{{Veb manbasi|url=http://www.lacan.com/zizekrumsfeld.htm|sarlavha=What Rumsfeld Doesn't Know That He Knows About Abu Ghraib|kirish sanasi=February 23, 2009}}</ref>. Bunga biz harakat qilishimiz mumkin boʻlgan, lekin bilmagan yoki ifoda eta olmaydigan yashirin bilim tushunchasi bogʻliq.

Nemis sotsiologlari Daase va Kessler (2007) Ramsfeldning siyosiy amaliyotning kognitiv doirasi ''biz bilgan, bilmagan va biz bilmaydigan narsalar'' oʻrtasidagi munosabat bilan belgilanishi mumkinligini taʼkidlagan asosiy fikrga qoʻshiladilar, ammo Ramsfeld buni eʼtibordan chetda qoldirdi<ref name="kauk">Knowns and Unknowns in the 'War on Terror': Uncertainty and the Political Construction of Danger, Christopher Daase and Oliver Kessler, Security Dialogue, December 2007; vol. 38, 4: pp. 411-434.</ref>.

Voqea bir nechta kitoblarda xavfni baholashni muhokama qilish uchun ishlatilgan<ref name="GirardGirard2009"/><ref name="NeveLuetchford2008">{{Kitob manbasi|last=Neve|first=Geert de|title=Hidden Hands in the Market: Ethnographies of Fair Trade, Ethical Consumption, and Corporate Social Responsibility|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M1iYFfhhm8cC&pg=PA252|accessdate=February 10, 2014|year=2008|publisher=Emerald Group Publishing|isbn=9781848550582|pages=252–}}</ref>.

Ramsfeld oʻzining 2011-yilgi avtobiografiyasini „ ''Maʼlum va nomaʼlum:'' Memuar“ deb nomladi. Kitob boshidagi „Muallif eslatmasi“da u oʻz xotiralari nomining manbasini aniq tan oldi va oʻz bayonotining ahamiyatiga oid bir nechta misollarni, jumladan, Vikipediyadagi maqolani keltirdi<ref name="Rumsfeld2">{{Kitob manbasi|last=Rumsfeld|first=Donald|title=Known and Unknown: A Memoir|date=2011|publisher=Penguin Group|location=New York|isbn=9781101502495|page=xiii|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_wIcpxMOjD4C&pg=PT14}}</ref>. ''"Nomaʼlum'' " — Errol Morrisning 2013-yilda Ramsfeld haqidagi biografik hujjatli filmining nomi<ref>{{Yangiliklar manbasi |last=Scott |year=2014 |title=Not Giving an Inch in a Battle of Wits and Words; Deciphering Donald H. Rumsfeld in 'The Unknown Known' |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/04/02/movies/deciphering-donald-h-rumsfeld-in-the-unknown-known.html |access-date=April 4, 2014}}</ref>. Hujjatli filmda Ramsfild dastlab „nomaʼlum maʼlum narsalar“ ni „siz bilasiz deb oʻylagan narsalaringiz, maʼlum boʻlishicha, bilmaysiz“ deb taʼriflaydi va filmning oxirida u „siz biladigan, bilmaydigan narsalar“ deb taʼriflaydi"<ref>Morris, Errol (Director) (December 13, 2013). ''The Unknown Known'' (Motion picture). Los Angeles, CA: The Weinstein Company.</ref>.

Bundan tashqari, sharh Foot in Mouth mukofotiga sazovor boʻldi .

== Analitik fanlar ==
"Maʻlum nomaʻlumlar" atamasi analitik kimyo yondashuvlaridan, xususan, massa spektrometriyasidan foydalangan holda kimyoviy moddalarni aniqlashda qoʻllanadi. Koʻpgina hollarda, eksperimentda aniqlangan tergovchiga nomaʼlum narsa aslida kimyoviy adabiyotlarda, maʼlumot bazasida yoki Internet-resursda maʼlum. Ushbu turdagi birikmalar „maʼlum nomaʼlumlar“ deb ataladi. Bu atama dastlab Little va boshqalar tomonidan kiritilgan<ref>{{jurnal manbasi|last=Little|first1=J.L.|last2=Cleven|first2=C.D.|last3=Brown|first3=S.D.|year=2011|title=Identification of "Known Unknowns" utilizing accurate mass data and chemical abstracts service databases|journal=J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom.|volume=22|issue=2|pages=348–359|doi=10.1007/s13361-010-0034-3|pmid=21472594|bibcode=2011JASMS..22..348L}}</ref> va oʻshandan beri adabiyotda umumiy yondashuv sifatida bir necha bor xabar bergan<ref>{{jurnal manbasi|title=Identification of "known unknowns" utilizing accurate mass data and ChemSpider|doi=10.1007/s13361-011-0265-y|pmid=22069037|volume=23|issue=1|journal=Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry|pages=179–185|year=2011|last=Little|first1=James L.}}</ref><ref>{{jurnal manbasi|last=Stein|first1=S.|year=2012|title=Mass Spectral Reference Libraries: An Ever-Expanding Resource for Chemical Identification|journal=Analytical Chemistry|volume=84|issue=17|pages=7274–7282|doi=10.1021/ac301205z|pmid=22803687}}</ref><ref>{{jurnal manbasi|title=Identifying known unknowns using the US EPA's CompTox Chemistry Dashboard|doi=10.1007/s00216-016-0139-z|pmid=27987027|volume=409|issue=7|journal=Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry|pages=1729–1735|year=2016|last=McEachran|first1=Andrew D.|last2=Sobus|first2=Jon R.|last3=Williams|first3=Antony J.}}</ref><ref>{{jurnal manbasi|last=Schymanski|first1=Emma L.|author-link=Emma Schymanski|last2=Williams|first2=Antony J.|year=2017|title=Open Science for Identifying "Known Unknown" Chemicals|journal=Environmental Science and Technology|volume=51|issue=10|pages=5357–5359|bibcode=2017EnST...51.5357S|doi=10.1021/acs.est.7b01908|pmc=6260822|pmid=28475325}}</ref>.
 

== Manbalar ==
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== Havolalar ==

* {{Veb manbasi|url=http://www.c-span.org/video/?168646-1/DefenseDepartmentBriefing102|sana=February 12, 2002|sarlavha=Defense Department Briefing|iqtibos=<br />Reporter:<sup>37:19</sup> ...Because there are reports that there is no evidence of a direct link between Baghdad and some of these terrorist organizations. <br />Rumsfeld: Reports that say that something hasn't happened are always interesting to me...|nashriyot=C-SPAN}}
* {{Yangiliklar manbasi |date=February 12, 2002 |title=DoD News Briefing – Secretary Rumsfeld and General Myers |work=Transcript |publisher=US Department of Defense |url=http://archive.defense.gov/transcripts/transcript.aspx?transcriptid=2636 |access-date=2022-08-10 |archive-date=2016-09-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160905184152/http://archive.defense.gov/Transcripts/Transcript.aspx?TranscriptID=2636 |url-status=dead }}
* {{jurnal manbasi|title=Known knowns, known unknowns, unknown unknowns and the propagation of scientific enquiry|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-experimental-botany_2009_60_3/page/712|first1=David C.|last=Logan|journal=Journal of Experimental Botany|volume=60|issue=3|pages=712–4|date=March 1, 2009|doi=10.1093/jxb/erp043|pmid=19269994}}
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