Uranil sahifasining manbasini koʻrish

[[Fayl:Uranyl-3D-balls.png|right|thumb|UO2+ ning shar va tayoq modeliUO<nowiki></br></nowiki> UO]]
[[Fayl:Uranyl-ion-structure.png|right|thumb| U-O bog'lanish tartibini ko'rsatadigan uranil ioni 3]]

'''Uranil''' – ioni +6 [[Oksidlanish darajasi|oksidlanish holatida]] [[Uran (kimyoviy unsur)|uranning]] oksidlanishi, [[Kimyoviy formula|kimyoviy formulasi]] UO2+.UO<nowiki></br></nowiki> UO. U qisqa U-O bog'lari boʻlgan chiziqli tuzilishga ega, bu uran va [[kislorod]] o'rtasida bir nechta aloqalar mavjudligini ko'rsatadi. To'rt yoki undan ortiq ligandlar uran atomi atrofida ekvator tekisligida uranil ioniga bog'lanishi mumkin. Uranil ioni ko'plab komplekslarni, ayniqsa kislorod donor atomlariga ega boʻlgan ligandlar bilan hosil qiladi. Uranil ionining komplekslari uning rudalaridan uran qazib olish va yadro yoqilg'isini qayta ishlashda muhim ahamiyatga ega.

== Tuzilishi va bog'lanishi ==
[[Fayl:F4M0.png|thumb|100x100px| f <sub>''z'' <sup>3</sup></sub> orbital]]
Uranil ioni chiziqli va simmetrik bo'lib, ikkala U-O bog'lanish uzunligi taxminan 180 pm. Bog'lanish uzunligi uran va kislorod atomlari o'rtasida bir nechta bog'lanish mavjudligini ko'rsatadi. Uran (VI) oldingi unversal gaz, [[Radon|radonning]] [[Elektron konfiguratsiyasi|elektron konfiguratsiyasiga]] ega boʻlgani sababli, U-O aloqalarini shakllantirishda ishlatiladigan elektronlar kislorod atomlari tomonidan ta'minlanadi. Elektronlar uran atomidagi bo'sh atom orbitallariga beriladi. Eng kam energiyaning bo'sh orbitallari 7s, 5f va 6d. Valentlik bog'lanish nazariyasi nuqtai nazaridan sigma aloqalari d <sub>''z'' <sup>2</sup></sub> va f <sub>''z'' <sup>3</sup></sub> yordamida sd, sf va df gibrid orbitallarni qurish uchun tuzilishi mumkin (''z'' o'qi kislorod atomlari orqali o'tadi). (d <sub>''xz''</sub>, d <sub>''yz''</sub>) va (f <sub>''xz'' <sup>2</sup></sub> va f <sub>''yz'' <sup>2</sup></sub>) dan pi bog'lanish hosil qilish uchun foydalanish mumkin. Bog'lanishda qo'llaniladigan d yoki f orbitallari juftligi ikki marta degenerativ boʻlgani sababli, bu uchta umumiy bog'lanish tartibiga to'g'ri keladi.<ref name="cotton">{{kitob manbasi|last=Cotton, S|year=1991|title=Lanthanides and Actinides|url=https://archive.org/details/lanthanidesactin0000cott|location=New York|publisher=Oxford University Press|page=[https://archive.org/details/lanthanidesactin0000cott/page/128 128]}}</ref>
[[Fayl:UO2(aq)2(NO3)2wDistancess.svg|thumb| Uranilnitratning tuzilishi (UO <sub>2</sub> (H <sub>2</sub> O) <sub>2</sub> (NO <sub>3</sub>) <sub>2</sub>). Uranil guruhiga xos boʻlgan O=U=O markazi chiziqli. Kompleksning ekvator tekisligida bidentat nitrat uchun oltita UO bog'lari va ikkita suv ligandlari mavjud. 245-151 [[Pikometr|pm da]] bu UO aloqalari uranil markazining U = O aloqalaridan ancha uzun.<ref>{{jurnal manbasi|doi=10.1021/ic50096a021|title=Neutron Diffraction Study of Uranyl Nitrate Dihydrate|year=1971|last=Mueller|first1=Melvin Henry|last2=Dalley|first2=N. Kent|last3=Simonsen|first3=Stanley H.|journal=Inorganic Chemistry|volume=10|issue=2|pages=323–328}}</ref>]]
Uranil ioni har doim boshqa ligandlar bilan bog'langan. Eng keng tarqalgan joylashuv ekvatorial ligandlar deb ataladigan O–U–O chizigʻiga perpendikulyar boʻlgan va uran atomidan oʻtuvchi tekislikda yotishidir. [UO<sub>2</sub>Cl<sub>4</sub> ] <sup>2−</sup> da boʻlgani kabi toʻrt ligand bilan uran buzilgan [[Oktaedr|oktaedral]] muhitga ega. Ko'p hollarda ekvatorni to'rtdan ortiq ligand egallaydi.

Uranil ftorida, UO<sub>2</sub>F<sub>2</sub>, uran atomi uranil konfiguratsiyasida ikkita kislorod atomi va uranil guruhlari o'rtasida oltita ftorid ionlari ko'prigi bilan qatlam tuzilishini hosil qilish orqali 8 koordinatsiya raqamiga erishadi. Xuddi shunday tuzilish a- uran trioksidida ham mavjud bo'lib, ftorid o'rnida kislorod mavjud, bundan tashqari qatlamlar nisbatan qisqa U-O masofalari bilan aniqlanadigan "uranil guruhlari" dan kislorod atomini almashish orqali bog'lanadi. Shunga o'xshash tuzilish ba'zi uranatlarda uchraydi, masalan, kaltsiy uranati, CaUO<sub>4</sub>, tuzilishda izolyatsiyalangan uranil guruhlari bo'lmasa ham, ular Ca(UO<sub>2</sub>)O<sub>2</sub> sifatida yozilishi mumkin.<ref>{{kitob manbasi|last=Wells|first=A.F|title=Structural Inorganic Chemistry|url=https://archive.org/details/structuralinorga0000afwe_h6v6|edition=3rd.|year=1962|publisher=Clarendon Press|location=Oxford|page=[https://archive.org/details/structuralinorga0000afwe_h6v6/page/966 966]|isbn=0-19-855125-8}}</ref>

Uranil birikmalarining rangi taxminan ligand-metall zaryad o'tishi bilan bog'liq. 420&nbsp;nm, ko'rinadigan spektrning ko'k chetida.<ref>{{jurnal manbasi|last=Umreiko|first1=D.S.|year=1965|title=Symmetry in the electronic absorption spectra of uranyl compounds|journal=J. Appl. Spectrosc.|volume=2|issue=5|pages=302–304|doi=10.1007/BF00656800|bibcode=1965JApSp...2..302U}}</ref><ref>{{jurnal manbasi|last=Berto|first1=Silvia|year=2006|title=Dioxouranium(VI)-Carboxylate Complexes. Interaction with dicarboxylic acids in Aqueous Solution: Speciation and Structure|journal=Annali di Chimica|volume=96|issue=7–8|pages=399–420|doi=10.1002/adic.200690042|last2=Crea|first2=Francesco|last3=Daniele|first3=Pier G.|last4=De Stefano|first4=Concetta|last5=Prenesti|first5=Enrico|last6=Sammartano|first6=Silvio|pmid=16948430}}</ref> Yutish zonasi va NEXAFS tasmalarining aniq joylashishi ekvatorial ligandlarning tabiatiga bog'liq.<ref>{{jurnal manbasi|last=Fillaux|first1=C.|last2=Guillaumont, D.|last3=Berthet, J-C|last4=Copping, R.|last5=Shuh, D.K.|last6=Tyliszczak, T.|last7=Den Auwer, C.|year=2010|title=Investigating the electronic structure and bonding in uranyl compounds by combining NEXAFS spectroscopy and quantum chemistry|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_physical-chemistry-chemical-physics-pccp_2010-11-14_12_42/page/14253|journal=Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys.|pmid=20886130|volume=12|issue=42|pages=14253–14262|doi=10.1039/C0CP00386G|bibcode=2010PCCP...1214253F}}</ref> Uranil ionini o'z ichiga olgan birikmalar odatda sariq rangga ega, ammo ba'zi birikmalar qizil, to'q sariq yoki yashil bo'ladi.

Uranil birikmalari ham luminesans ko'rsatadi. 1849-yilda [[Bryuster Deyvid|Brewster]]<ref>{{jurnal manbasi|last=Brewster|first1=David|year=1849|title=On the Decomposition and Dispersion of Light within Solid and Fluid Bodies|url=https://archive.org/stream/transactionsofro16roy#page/110/mode/2up|journal=[[Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh]]|volume=16|pages=111–121}}</ref> tomonidan uran shishasining yashil lyuminessensiyasi bo'yicha birinchi tadqiqot uranil ionining spektroskopiyasi bo'yicha keng qamrovli tadqiqotlarni boshladi. Ushbu spektr haqida batafsil ma'lumot 130 yildan keyin olingan.<ref>{{jurnal manbasi|last=Denning|first1=R. G.|year=2007|title=Electronic Structure and Bonding in Actinyl Ions and their Analogs|journal=[[J. Phys. Chem. A]]|volume=111|issue=20|pages=4125–4143|doi=10.1021/jp071061n|pmid=17461564|bibcode=2007JPCA..111.4125D}}</ref> Hozirgi vaqtda uranil lyuminesansi aniqroq [[fosforessensiya]] ekanligi aniqlangan, chunki u eng past uchlik qo'zg'aluvchan holatdan yagona asosiy holatga o'tish bilan bog'liq.<ref>{{kitob manbasi|last=V. Balzani|title=Photochemistry of Coordination Compounds|url=https://archive.org/details/photochemistryof0000balz|year=1970|publisher=Academic Press|isbn=0-12-077250-7}}</ref> [[Radioaktivlik|Radioaktivlikni]] ochishda K<sub>2</sub>UO<sub>2</sub>(SO<sub>4</sub>) <sub>2</sub> ning luminesans ishtirok etdi.

Uranil ioni taxminan ''n'' <sub>U–O</sub> cho'zuvchi tebranishlarga ega. 880&nbsp;sm <sup>−1</sup> (Raman spektri) va 950&nbsp;sm <sup>−1</sup> ([[Infraqizil nurlanish|infraqizil spektr]]). Bu chastotalar ma'lum darajada ekvator tekisligida qaysi ligandlar mavjudligiga bog'liq. Cho'zish chastotasi va U-O bog'lanish uzunligi o'rtasida korrelyatsiya mavjud. Bundan tashqari, cho'zish chastotasi ekvatorial ligandlarning spektrokimyoviy qatordagi o'rni bilan bog'liqligi ham kuzatilgan.<ref>{{kitob manbasi|title=Infrared and Raman spectra of Inorganic and Coordination compounds|url=https://archive.org/details/infraredramanspe0000naka_r1s0|last=Nakamoto|first=K.|publisher=Wiley|year=1997|isbn=0-471-16394-5|edition=5th|series=Part A|pages=[https://archive.org/details/infraredramanspe0000naka_r1s0/page/167 167]}}{{kitob manbasi|title=Infrared and Raman spectra of Inorganic and Coordination compounds|last=Nakamoto|first=K.|isbn=0-471-16392-9|series=Part B|pages=168}}</ref>

== Suvli kimyo ==
[[Fayl:Uranium_fraction_diagram_with_no_carbonate.png|alt=A graph of potential versus pH showing stability regions of various uranium compounds|thumb|240x240px| Uran (VI) ning pH funksiyasi sifatida gidrolizlanishi.]]

: [UO <sub>2</sub> (H <sub>2</sub> O) <sub>4</sub> ] <sup>2+</sup> ⇌ [UO <sub>2</sub> (H <sub>2</sub> O) <sub>3</sub> (OH)] <sup>+</sup> + H <sup>+</sup> ; p ''K'' <nowiki><sub id="mwmg">a</sub></nowiki> = ca. 4.2<ref name="scdb">{{veb manbasi|url=http://www.acadsoft.co.uk/scdbase/scdbase.htm|sarlavha=IUPAC SC-Database: A comprehensive database of published data on equilibrium constants of metal complexes and ligands|ish=Academic Software|kirish sanasi=2022-06-05|arxivsana=2017-06-19|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170619235720/http://www.acadsoft.co.uk/scdbase/scdbase.htm}}</ref>

PH oshgani sayin, stexiometriya bilan polimer turlari [(UO<sub>2</sub>)<sub>2</sub>(OH)<sub>2</sub> ] <sup>2+</sup> va [(UO<sub>2</sub>)<sub>3</sub>(OH)<sub>5</sub> ] <sup>+</sup> [[Gidroksidlar|gidroksid]] UO<sub>2</sub>(OH)<sub>2</sub> choʻkmasidan oldin hosil boʻladi. Gidroksid kuchli gidroksidi eritmada eriydi va uranil ionining gidrokso komplekslarini beradi.

Uranil ioni [[rux]] metali kabi engil qaytaruvchi moddalar yordamida +4 oksidlanish darajasiga tushirilishi mumkin. Uran (III) ga qaytarilishi Jons reduktori yordamida amalga oshirilishi mumkin.
[[Fayl:Uranium_fraction_diagram_with_carbonate_present.png|thumb|240x240px| Uran (VI) ning karbonat va gidrokso komplekslari pH funksiyasi sifatida]]
Uranil ioni o'zini qattiq qabul qiluvchi sifatida tutadi va gidroksid, karbonat, [[Nitratlar|nitrat]], sulfat va karboksilat kabi ftorid va kislorod donor ligandlariga qaraganda azot-donor ligandlari bilan kuchsizroq komplekslar hosil qiladi. Ekvator tekisligida 4, 5 yoki 6 donor atom bo'lishi mumkin. Uranilnitratda [UO<sub>2</sub>(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>]·2H<sub>2</sub>O, masalan, ekvator tekisligida oltita donor atom bor, to'rtta bidentat nitrato ligandlaridan va ikkitasi suv molekulalaridan. Tuzilishi olti burchakli bipiramidal sifatida tavsiflanadi. Boshqa kislorod-donor ligandlari orasida fosfin oksidi va fosfat efirlari mavjud.  Uranil nitrat, UO<sub>2</sub>(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub> ni suvli eritmadan dietil [[Etil efir|efirga]] olish mumkin. Olingan kompleksda uranil ioni bilan bog'langan ikkita nitrato ligand mavjud bo'lib, ular elektr zaryadsiz kompleks hosil qiladi, shuningdek, suv molekulalari efir molekulalari bilan almashtiriladi va butun kompleksga sezilarli gidrofobik [[xususiyat]] beradi. Kompleksni organik erituvchilarda eruvchan qilishning eng muhim omili elektron neytrallikdir. Nitrat ioni uranil ioni bilan o'tish metalli va [[Lantanoidlar|lantanid]] ionlariga qaraganda ancha kuchli komplekslar hosil qiladi. Shuning uchun faqat uranil va boshqa aktinil ionlari, shu jumladan plutonil ioni, PuO2+<nowiki></br></nowiki> PuO, boshqa ionlarni o'z ichiga olgan aralashmalardan olinishi mumkin. Suvli eritmadagi uranil ioni bilan bog'langan suv molekulalarini ikkinchi, gidrofobik, ligand bilan almashtirish neytral kompleksning organik erituvchida eruvchanligini oshiradi. Bu sinergik effekt deb ataladi.<ref>{{jurnal manbasi|last=Irving|first1=H.M.N.H.|year=1965|title=Synergic Effects in Solvent Extraction|journal=Angewandte Chemie International Edition|volume=4|issue=1|pages=95–96|doi=10.1002/anie.196500951}}</ref>

Uranil ionining suvli eritmasida hosil boʻlgan komplekslari uning rudalaridan uranni ajratib olishda ham, yadro yoqilg'isini qayta ishlashda ham katta ahamiyatga ega. Sanoat jarayonlarida uranil nitrat tributilfosfat (TBP(CH<sub>3</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>3</sub>PO) bilan afzal qilingan ikkinchi ligand va kerosin afzal organik erituvchi sifatida chiqariladi. Keyinchalik jarayonda uran kuchli [[Nitrat kislotasi|nitrat kislota]] bilan ishlov berish orqali organik erituvchidan tozalanadi, u suvli fazada ko'proq eriydigan [UO<sub>2</sub>(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>4</sub> ] <sup>2−</sup> kabi komplekslarni hosil qiladi. Uranil nitrat eritmani bug'lantirish orqali olinadi. 

== Minerallar ==
Uranil ioni uranga boy mineral qatlamlarda yuzaga keladigan suv-tog' jinslarining o'zaro ta'siri natijasida [[Uraninit|uran rudasi]] konlaridan olingan minerallarda uchraydi. Uranil o'z ichiga olgan minerallarga misollar:

* silikatlar: uranofan (H<sub>3</sub>O)<sub>2</sub>Ca(UO<sub>2</sub>)<sub>2</sub>(SiO<sub>4</sub>) · 3H<sub>2</sub>O)
* fosfatlar: [[Otenit|autunit]] (Ca(UO<sub>2</sub>)<sub>2</sub>(PO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>·8-12H<sub>2</sub>O), [[torbernit]] (Cu(UO<sub>2</sub>)<sub>2</sub>(PO<sub>4</sub>)·8-12H <sub>2</sub>O)
* arsenatlar: arsenuranospatit (Al(UO<sub>2</sub>)<sub>2</sub> (AsO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>F·20H<sub>2</sub>O)
* vanadatlar: [[karnotit]] (K<sub>2</sub>(UO<sub>2</sub>)<sub>2</sub>(VO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>· 3H<sub>2</sub>O), [[tyuyamunit]] (Ca(UO<sub>2</sub>)<sub>2</sub>V<sub>2</sub>O<sub>8</sub>·8H<sub>2</sub>O)
* karbonatlar: shrokingerit NaCa<sub>3</sub>(UO<sub>2</sub>) (CO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>3</sub>(SO<sub>4</sub>)F·10H<sub>2</sub>O
* oksalatlar: [https://www.mindat.org/min-53223.html uroksit] [(UO<sub>2</sub>)<sub>2</sub>(C<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>(OH)<sub>2</sub>(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>2</sub> ]·H<sub>2</sub>O.

Bu minerallar  sotuvda unchalik qiymatga ega emas, chunki uranning katta qismi pitchblenddan yaʼni uranga boy mineraldan ajratib olinadi.

== Ishlatilishi ==
Uranil tuzlari DNKni elektron va elektromagnit mikroskopiya tadqiqotlari uchun namunalarni bo'yash uchun ishlatiladi.<ref>{{jurnal manbasi|last=Zobel R.|last2=Beer M.|year=1961|title=Electron Stains: I. Chemical Studies on the Interaction of DNA with Uranyl Salts|url=http://www.jcb.org/cgi/content/abstract/10/3/335|journal=Journal of Cell Biology|volume=10|issue=3|pages=335–346|doi=10.1083/jcb.10.3.335|pmc=2225082|pmid=13788706}}</ref>

== Salomatlik va atrof-muhit muammolari ==
Uranil tuzlari toksik bo'lib, og'ir surunkali buyrak kasalligi va o'tkir quvurli nekrozga olib kelishi mumkin. Maqsadli organlarga [[Buyrak|buyraklar]], [[jigar]], [[Oʻpka|o'pka]] va [[Bosh miya|miya]] kiradi. To'qimalarda, shu jumladan gonotsitlarda<ref>{{jurnal manbasi|title=A review of the effects of uranium and depleted uranium exposure on reproduction and fetal development|journal=Toxicology and Industrial Health|year=2001|volume=17|pages=180–191|doi=10.1191/0748233701th111oa|pmid=12539863|issue=5–10}}</ref> uranil ionlarining to'planishi tug'ma kasalliklarni keltirib chiqaradi va oq qon hujayralarida immunitet tizimining shikastlanishiga olib keladi.<ref>{{jurnal manbasi|title=Chromosome Aberration Analysis in Peripheral Lymphocytes of Gulf War and Balkans War Veterans|journal=Radiation Protection Dosimetry|year=2003|volume=103|pages=211–219|pmid=12678382|issue=3|url=http://www.cerrie.org/committee_papers/INFO_9-H.pdf|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.rpd.a006135|access-date=2014-01-08|archiveurl=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20140108135436/http://www.cerrie.org/committee_papers/INFO_9-H.pdf|archivedate=2014-01-08}}</ref> Uranil birikmalari ham neyrotoksindir. Uranil ionlari bilan ifloslangan uran ob'ektlari va atrofida topilgan.<ref>{{jurnal manbasi|title=Oxidation states of uranium in depleted uranium particles from Kuwait|journal=Journal of Environmental Radioactivity|year=2004|volume=78|pages=125–135|doi=10.1016/j.jenvrad.2004.04.001|pmid=15511555|issue=2}}</ref>

Uranning barcha birikmalari [[Radioaktivlik|radioaktivdir]]. Biroq, uran odatda kamaygan shaklda bo'ladi, yadro sanoati kontekstidan tashqari. Tuzilgan uran asosan <nowiki><sup id="mwATE">238</sup></nowiki> U dan iborat bo'lib, u [[Alfa (yemirilish)|alfa-parchalanish]] bilan parchalanadi, yarimparchalanish {{Val|4.468|(3)|e=9|u=years}}. Agar uran tarkibida <nowiki><sup id="mwATU">235</sup></nowiki> U bo'lsa ham, xuddi shunday yarimparchalanish davri taxminan {{Val|7.038|e=8|u=years}} boʻlgan parchalanadi.{{Val|7.038|e=8|u=years}} o'tgan bo'lsa ham, ularning ikkalasi ham zaif alfa emitentlari sifatida ko'rib chiqiladi va ularning radioaktivligi faqat to'g'ridan-to'g'ri aloqa yoki yutish bilan xavflidir.

== Manbalar ==
{{manbalar}}

[[Turkum:Uran]]
[[Turkum:Uranil]]
[[Turkum:Uran birikmalari]]
[[Turkum:Pages with unreviewed translations]]