Altun Kupri sahifasining manbasini koʻrish

{{Bilgiquti aholi punkti
| nomi                       = Altun Kupri
| mavqe                      = Shaharcha
| tasvir                        = Walking around Alton Kopri, between Kirkuk and Erbil 02.jpg
| mamlakat                   = Iroq
| mintaqa turi               = Muhofazot
| mintaqa                    = Kirkuk muhofazoti
| tuman turi                 = Tuman
| tuman                      = Dibis tumani
| aholi                         = 9,275<ref>{{cite web|title=World Gazetteer # Altun kupri|url=http://world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=1331645778&men=gpro&lng=en&des=wg&geo=-1901&srt=npan&col=adhoq&msz=1500&pt=c&va=&geo=452722415|access-date=19 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/20130209113209/http://world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=1331645778&men=gpro&lng=en&des=wg&geo=-1901&srt=npan&col=adhoq&msz=1500&pt=c&va=&geo=452722415|archive-date=2013-02-09|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| sanalgan yil              = 2013
| koordinatalar              = {{coord|35|45|12|N|44|08|37|E|region:IQ|display=inline,title}}
| AP markazi balandligi   = 284<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IZ/13/Altun_Kubri.html|title=Maps, Weather, and Airports for Altun Kubri, Iraq|website=Fallingrain.com|access-date=April 3, 2019}}</ref>
}}

'''Altun Kupri''' ({{lang-ar|التون كوبري}}<ref>{{Cite news|date=28 March 2019|title=تركمان العراق يحييون الذكرى الـ28 لمجزرة "ألتون كوبري"|work=Anadolu Agency|url=https://www.aa.com.tr/ar/الدول-العربية/تركمان-العراق-يحييون-الذكرى-الـ28-لمجزرة-ألتون-كوبري-/1433013|access-date=29 October 2020}}</ref>, {{lang-tr|Altınköprü|lit=Golden Bridge}}<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/geographicalety00blacgoog |title=Geographical Etymology: A Dictionary of Place-names Giving Their Derivations|last=Blackie|first=Christina|date=1887-01-01|publisher=John Murray|language=en}}</ref>, {{lang-ku|پردێ|translit=Pirdê}}<ref>{{cite news|title=ناحیەی پردێ جارێكی دیكە ئاگر لە دەغڵودانی جوتیاران بەربوو|language=ku|url=https://xelk.org/125523/|website=Xelk.org|access-date=21 December 2019|archive-date=25 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191225030001/https://xelk.org/125523/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=20 October 2018|title=Pêşmerge: Li Pirdê pêşmergeyan êrîşên dagirkeran têk şikandin|language=ku|website=Rupelanu.com|url=http://www.rupelanu.com/pesmerge-li-pirde-pesmergeyan-erisen-dagirkeran-tek-sikandin-3451h.htm|access-date=21 December 2019}}</ref>) [[Iroq]]ning [[Kirkuk muhofazoti]]dagi shaharcha. Aholisi asosan [[Iroq Turkmanlari|turkmanlar]]. [[Arablar]] va [[kurdlar]] kamchilik aholini tashkil qiladi<ref>{{Cite news|date=20 October 2017|title=Clashes between Kurdish and Iraqi forces near Erbil|work=The National News|url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/world/mena/clashes-between-kurdish-and-iraqi-forces-near-erbil-1.668856?videoId=5754807360001|access-date=29 October 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Iraq after ISIL: Kirkuk|url=https://www.gppi.net/2017/08/30/iraq-after-isil-kirkuk|access-date=26 October 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.landinfo.no/asset/3243/1/3243_1.pdf|title=Report : Iraq: Security situation and internally displaced people in Kirkuk province|date=June 2015|website=Landinfo.no|access-date=9 March 2022}}</ref>. Shaharcha [[Kichik Zab]] sohilida va [[Erbil]] – [[Kirkuk]] yoʻlida joylashgan<ref>{{Cite web|date=1919|title=Altun Kupri town, dated July 1919 / Catalog Record Only|url=https://www.loc.gov/maps/?all=true&fa=location:iran%7Clocation:little+zab+river+watershed&q=iraq|access-date=29 October 2020|website=[[Library of Congress]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=8 April 2019|title=Kirkuk – Erbil road re-opens days after bridge maintenance|work=Kurdistan24|url=http://www.kurdistan24.net/en/news/738e4d1c-20d3-4ec3-9781-cb1accfe9f1c|access-date=29 October 2020}}</ref>. Shaharcha „oʻziga xos strategik ahamiyatga ega“ deb taʼriflanadi va [[Shimoliy Iroqning bahsli hududlari|bahsli hudud]] hisoblanadi<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|date=20 October 2017|title=Report: Altun Kupri town seized from Kurdish Peshmerga|work=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]]|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/10/20/report-altun-kupri-town-seized-from-kurdish-peshmerga|access-date=29 October 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Knights|first1=Michael|date=2010|title=Kirkuk in Transition Confidence Building in Northern Iraq|page=xi|publisher=Policy Focus|url=https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/uploads/Documents/pubs/PolicyFocus102.pdf|access-date=26 October 2020|archive-date=12 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112020354/https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/uploads/Documents/pubs/PolicyFocus102.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>.

[[Fayl:Turkmeneli_map_on_a_monument_in_Altun_Kopru.jpg|thumb|Altun Kupridagi [[Turkmeneli]] yodgorligi xaritasi.]]
[[Fayl:Gentleman in Turkoman clothes in Alton Kopri in 2017 29.jpg|thumb|Altun Kuprining mahalliy aholisi milliy turkman liboslarida.]]

== Etimologiyasi ==

Altun Kupri Iroq turkmanlarining standart [[Turk tili|turkcha]]sida „altun köprü“ soʻzining koʻrinishi boʻlib, [[oʻzbek tili|oʻzbekcha]]da „Oltin ko'prik“ maʼnosini anglatadi<ref name=":2" />. Shahar nomi haqida turli xil nazariyalar mavjud. Baʼzilar „Oltin ko'prik“ deganda shu nomdagi turk yoki kurd ayolni nazarda tutsa, boshqalar bu shahar va undagi koʻprikdan oʻtgan hamda [[Mosul]] va [[Bagʻdod]] oʻrtasidagi yoʻlda qatnagan turli karvonlarni nazarda tutadi, deb hisoblashadi<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Longrigg|author-link=Stephen Hemsley Longrigg|first=S.H.|title=Alti̊̊n (Altūn) Köprü|url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/altin-altun-kopru-SIM_0568|journal=Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition|date=24 April 2012 |doi=10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_0568|url-access=subscription}}</ref>.

== Tarixi ==
Usmonli sultoni [[Murod IV]] shaharda ikkita koʻprik qurdirib, shaharning ahamiyatini oshirdi. Unga koʻplab evropalik sayohatchilar tashrif buyurishgan va manzaralari bilan mashhur boʻlgan<ref name=":1" />.

18-asr oxiriga kelib Altun Kuprida 400 tadan 500 tagacha xonadon bor edi. [[Mirzo Abu Tolib Xon]] 1799-yilda shaharga tashrif buyurib, uni dehqonchilik bilan band bo‘lgan kurdlar va turkmanlar aralash yashaydigan katta qishloq deb taʼriflagan. Qolaversa, Kurdiston va [[Bagʻdod]] oʻrtasida anjir, uzum va boshqa qishloq xoʻjaligi mahsulotlari savdosi markazi ham boʻlgan. [[Soran amirligi|Soranlik]] [[Muhammad Posho  (Ravanduz)|Muhammad Posho]] (1813-1836) davrida hudud shaharga aylandi va Bagʻdoddagi Usmonli hokimini oʻz nazoratini tan olishga majbur qildi<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ghalib|first=Sabah Abdullah|date=2011-10-13|title=The Emergence of Kurdism with Special Reference to the Three Kurdish Emirates within the Ottoman Empire 1800-1850|url=https://ore.exeter.ac.uk/repository/handle/10036/3676|language=en}}</ref>. 1906-yilda shaharda 4000 kishi yashagan<ref name=":02">{{Cite journal|last=Rasoul|first=Rasoul Muhammed|date=2017|title=History of Kirkuk from the Beginning of the Nineteenth Century until Becoming Part of the Iraqi Monarchy in 1925|url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/224744195.pdf|publisher=[[University of Erfurt]]|pages=6–7}}</ref>. Usmonlilar 1918-yilda shaharning toshdan qurilgan mashhur koʻpriklarini buzib tashlab, uning oʻrniga zamonaviy temir konstruksiyalar oʻrnatdilar<ref name=":1" />.

1925-yilda shahar aholisi asosan turkmanlar edi<ref>{{Cite book|title=Question of the Frontier between Turkey and Iraq - League of Nations|year=1925|pages=38}}</ref>.

Shaharda [[Saddam Husayn|Saddam]] davrida [[arablashuv]] amalga oshirildi va shimoldagi qoʻzgʻolonlarning [[Kirkuk]] tomon yoyilishiga qarshi turish uchun shahar kuchli harbiylashtirildi<ref>{{cite news|last1=Knights|first1=Michael|date=2010|title=Kirkuk in Transition Confidence Building in Northern Iraq|page=9|publisher=Policy Focus|url=https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/media/3401?disposition=inline|access-date=26 October 2020}}</ref>.

1991-yilda [[Iroq Qurolli kuchlari|Iroq armiyasi]] tomonidan [[Koʻrfaz urushi|Fors koʻrfazi urushi]] paytidagi [[Altun Kupri qirgʻini (1991)|Altun Kupri qirgʻini]]da yuzdan ortiq [[Iroq Turkmanlari|turkmanlar]] halok boʻlgan<ref>{{Cite news|date=27 March 2019|title=28 years on, Iraq's Kirkuk remembers Turkmen massacre|work=[[Anadolu Agency]]|url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/middle-east/28-years-on-iraqs-kirkuk-remembers-turkmen-massacre/1431890|access-date=29 October 2020}}</ref>.

== Demografiya ==

1947-yilgi aholini roʻyxatga olishda kurdlar aholining 70% qismini tashkil etgan boʻlsa, 1957-yilda 50% ga kamaygan. 1965-yilgi aholini roʻyxatga olishda kurdlar ulushi 25,7% ga kamayib, 1977-yilda yana 75,6% gacha koʻtarilgan<ref>{{citation|last=Ihsan|first=Mohammad|title=Administrative Changes in Kirkuk and Disputed Areas in Iraq 1968-2003|pages=24–25}}</ref>. 2005-yilgi [[Iroq parlament saylovi (2005-yil dekabr)|saylovlar]]da [[Kurdiston demokratik vatanparvarlar ittifoqi |DPAK]] Altun Kupri tumanidan 80% ovoz olgan<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kane|first=Sean|date=2011|title=Iraq's Disputed Territories|url=https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/128591/PW69.pdf|access-date=24 October 2020|page=28}}</ref>.

== Manbalar ==
{{Manbalar}}
{{commons category}}

[[Turkum:Kirkuk muhofazotidagi aholi manzilgohlari]]
[[Turkum:Iroqdagi turkman hamjamiyati]]
[[Turkum:Iroqdagi kurd aholi manzilgohlari]]

{{Iroq-geo-stub}}