Avraam Linkoln sahifasining manbasini koʻrish

{{Davlat arbobi bilgiqutisi
| ismi                      = Avraam Linkoln
| tasvir                    = Abraham Lincoln O-77 matte collodion print.jpg
| uzunlik                   = 
| izoh                      = Linkoln portreti (1863-yil noyabr)
| tartib                    = 16
| lavozim                   = [[AQSh prezidenti|Amerika Qoʻshma Shtatlari Prezidenti]]
| boshlanish davri          = 4-mart 1861-yil
| tugash davri              = 15-aprel 1865-yil
| premyer                   = 
| prezident                 = 
| vitse-prezident           = {{plainlist|
* [[Hannibal Hamlin|Gannibal Gemlin]] (1861–1865)
* Endryu Jonson (mart-aprel, 1865)
}}
| oʻtmishdoshi              = [[James Buchanan|Jeyms Byukenen]]
| vorisi                    = [[Andrew Johnson|Endryu Jonson]]
| tartib_2                  = 
| lavozim_2                 = Amerika Qoʻshma Shtatlari Vakillar Palatasi aʼzosi ([[Illinois]] shtati 7-okrugdan)
| boshlanish davri_2        = 4-mart 1847-yil
| tugash davri_2            = 3-mart 1849-yil
| prezident_2               = 
| oʻtmishdoshi_2            = [[John Henry|Jon Genri]]
| vorisi_2                  = [[Thomas L. Harris|Tomas L. Xarris]]
| tartib_3                  = 
| lavozim_3                 = Illinois Vakillar Palatasi aʼzosi (Sangamondan)
| boshlanish davri_3        = 1-dekabr 1834-yil
| tugash davri_3            = 4-dekabr 1842-yil
| premyer_3                 = 
| oʻtmishdoshi_3            = 
| vorisi_3                  = 
| tugʻilgan paytidagi ismi  = 
| tugʻilgan sanasi          = {{tugʻilgan sanasi|1809|2|12}}
| tugʻilgan joyi            = [[Hodgenville (Kentucky)|Xojenvill]], [[Kentukki]], AQSh
| vafot sanasi              = {{vafot sanasi va yoshi|1865|4|15|1809|2|12}}
| vafot joyi                = [[Vashington (shahar)|Vashington]], AQSh
| vafot sababi              = 
| fuqaroligi                = {{AQSh}}<br>{{SMR}} (faxriy)<ref>http://davidjkent-writer.com/2013/12/12/did-abraham-lincoln-have-dual-citizenship-with-the-republic-of-san-marino/</ref>
| millati                   = 
| partiya                   = {{plainlist|
* Whig (1854-yilgacha)
* [[Respublikachilar partiyasi|Republikachilar]] (1854–1864)
* Milliy Birlik (1864–1865)
}}
| boʻyi                     = 193 [[Santimetr|sm]]<ref name="LincolnHeight">{{kitob manbasi|last=Carpenter|first=Francis B.|title=Six Months in the White House: The Story of a Picture|url=https://archive.org/details/sixmonthsatwhit02carpgoog|year=1866|publisher=Hurd and Houghton.|page=[https://archive.org/details/sixmonthsatwhit02carpgoog/page/n225 217]}}</ref>
| turmush_oʻrtogʻi          = {{Nikoh|[[Mary Todd Lincoln|Meri Todd Linkoln]]|1842}}
| bolalari                  = Edvard Beyker Linkoln, Tad Linkoln, Robert Todd Linkoln, Uilyam Uolles Linkoln
| ota-onasi                 = Tomas Linkoln<br>Nensi Xenks
| kasbi                     = {{hlist|Siyosatchi|huquqshunos}}
| mukofotlari               = 
| imzo                      = Abraham Lincoln 1862 signature.svg
}}
'''Avraam Linkoln''' ([[Ingliz tili|inglizcha]]: Abraham Lincoln; [[12-fevral]] [[1809-yil]] — [[15-aprel]] [[1865-yil]]) [[amerikalik]] [[huquq]]shunos va davlat arbobi boʻlib, 1861-yildan to oʻldirilishiga (1865-yil) qadar [[Amerika Qoʻshma Shtatlari]]ning 16-[[AQSh Prezidenti|prezidenti]] lavozimini bajargandir. Linkoln mamlakatni [[Amerika fuqarolar urushi]] davomida boshqargan hamda prezidentlik davrida Birlikni saqlab qolishga, AQSh hududida [[qullik]]ni bekor qilishga, federal boshqaruv ustidan markaziy nazoratni kuchaytirishga va AQSh iqtisodiyotini modernizatsiyalashga erishgan.

Linkoln [[Kentucky|Kentukki]] shtatida qashshoq oilada tugʻilgan, bolalik yillari esa asosan [[Indiana]] shtatida oʻtgan. U kollejga bormagan, oʻzi oʻqib, huquqshunos boʻlgan. Shuningdek, Whig Party yetakchisi, [[Illinois]] shtati vakili va Illinois shtatidan kongressmen lavozimlarida faoliyat yuritgan. 1849-yilga kelib, huquqshunoslik faoliyatiga qaytadi. 1854-yilda yana siyosatga qaytdi va yangi tashkil etilgan [[Respublikachilar partiyasi]] yetakchisi boʻldi. U 1858-yilda [[Stephen Douglas|Stiven Duglas]]ga qarshi munozaralar ortidan obroʻ qozondi. Linkoln 1860-yilgi prezidentlik saylovlarida nomzodligini ilgari surdi va gʻalaba qozondi. U AQSh hududida qullikni bekor qildi. Quldorlikni yoqlagan janubiy shtatlar Birlikdan ajralib chiqishni boshlashdi. Mustaqilligini taʼminlash maqsadida janubiy shtatlar tomonidan tuzilgan Konfederativ Shtatlar Janubdagi AQSh forti boʻlmish [[Fort-Samter]]ga hujum qildi. Linkoln esa qoʻzgʻolonni bostirish va Birlikni tiklash uchun kuchlar kiritib, janubiy shtatlar qoʻshinini tor-mor etdi.

Linkoln 1864-yilgi prezidentlik saylovlarida ham qatnashib, gʻalaba qozondi va ikkinchi muddatga saylandi. 1865-yilning 14-aprelida Appomattoxdagi urush nihoyasiga yetganidan bir necha kun oʻtgach, Linkoln rafiqasi Mary bilan [[Vashington (shahar)|Vashington]]dagi Ford teatrida spektakl tomosha qilayotganida Konfederativ Shtatlarga xayrixoh boʻlgan John Wilkes Booth tarafidan otib oʻldirildi. Linkoln AQSh qahramoni oʻlaroq yodga olinib, koʻpincha AQSh tarixidagi eng buyuk prezident sifatida eʼtirof etiladi.

== Dastlabki hayoti ==
[[Fayl:Log Cabin at the Lincoln Living Historical Farm.jpg|thumb|left|Linkoln bolaligi oʻtgan ferma ([[Indiana|Spencer County, Indiana]])]]

Avraam Linkoln 1809-yil 12-fevralda [[Kentukki]] shtatining [[Hodgenville (Kentucky)|Xojenvill]] shahrida dunyoga kelgan. Otasi Tomas Linkoln, onasi Nensi Xenks Linkoln boʻlib, Abraham ularning ikkinchi farzandi boʻlgan.{{sfn|Donald|1996|pp=20–22}} U 1638-yilda [[Birlashgan Qirollik]]ning Norfolk grafligidan [[Massachusetts|Massachusets]] shtatining Hingham shahriga koʻchib kelgan ingliz — Samuel Linkolnning avlodidir. Keyinchalik, oila [[New Jersey|Nyu-Jersi]], [[Pennsylvania|Pennsilvaniya]] va [[Virginia|Virginiya]] kabi shtatlarga koʻchishdi.{{sfn|Warren|2017|p=3–4}} Linkolnning ota tarafdan bobosi va buvisi — kapitan Avraam Linkoln va rafiqasi Bathsheba (qizlik familiyasi Herring) oilani Virginiya shtatidan Kentukki shtatidagi Jefferson kauntisiga koʻchirgan.{{sfn|Harrison|1935|p=276}} Kapitan (Avraamning bobosi) 1786-yili hind reydida vafot etgan.{{sfn|Warren|2017|p=4}} Uning bolalari, jumladan sakkiz yoshli Tomas (Abrahamning otasi) hujumga guvoh boʻlishgan.{{sfn|Donald|1996|p=21}}{{efn|Thomas 1778-yilning yanvarida dunyoga kelgan. Demak, hujum paytida u 8 yoshda boʻlgan. Eski manbalarga koʻra, u hujum paytida olti yosh boʻlgan.{{sfn|Wilson|Davis|Wilson|Herndon|1998|pp=35-36}}}} Thomas keyinchalik oila 1800-yillar boshlarida Kentukki shatining Hardin kauntisiga koʻchib oʻtgunga qadar Kentukki va [[Tennessi (shtat)|Tennessi]] shtatlarida turli xil ishlarda ishladi.{{sfn|Donald|1996|p=21}}

Linjolnning onasi Nancyning kelib chiqishi nomaʼlumligicha qolmoqda, lekin Lusi Xenksning qizi deb taxmin qilinadi.{{sfn|Bartelt|2008|p=79}} Thomas va Nancy 1806-yil 12-iyunida Washington kauntisida turmush qurishgan va Kentukki shtatining [[Elizabethtown (Kentucky)|Elizabettaun]] shahriga koʻchib oʻtishgan.{{sfn|Warren|2017|p=9}} Ularning uch farzandi boʻlgan: Sara, Avraam va goʻdakligida vafot etgan Tomas.{{sfn|Warren|2017|p=9–10}}

Tomas Linkoln Kentukki shtatida ferma sotib oladi yoki ijaraga oladi. Biroq, 81 gektarlik (200 akrlik) yerini sudda yutqazgani ortidan yoʻqotadi.{{sfn|Sandburg|1926|p=20}} 1816-yili oila mulkka daxlsizligi kafolatlangan shtat — [[Indiana]]ga koʻchib oʻtishdi.{{sfn|Warren|2017|p=13}} Indiana oʻsha paytda „ozod“ (quldorlik boʻlmagan) hudud boʻlib, oila ushbu shtatning Perri kauntisidagi oq tanli boʻlmaganlar istiqomat qiladigan hudud — Hurricanega joylashdi.{{sfn|Warren|2017|p=26}}{{sfn|Warren|2017|p=16, 43}}{{sfn|Bartelt|2008|pp=3, 5, 16}} Linkolnning soʻzlariga koʻra, uning oilasi Indianaga qisman qullik, koʻproq esa yerga egalik bilan bogʻliq qiyinchiliklar tufayli koʻchib oʻtgan.{{sfnm|Sandburg|1926|1p=20|Donald|1996|2pp=23–24}}

Kentukki va Indiana shtatlarida Tomas fermer, qimmatbaho mebel ishlovchi usta va duradgor sifatida ishladi.{{sfn|Bartelt|2008|pp=34, 156}} Turli vaqtlarda, u fermalar, ot-ulovlar va shahar uchastkalariga egalik qilib, kaunti patrullarida ishlagan. Tomas va Nensi [[alkogol]], [[raqs]] va [[qullik]]ni taqiqlovchi Separate Baptists cherkovi aʼzolari boʻlishgan.{{sfn|Donald|1996|p=22–24}}

Moliyaviy qiyinchiliklarni yengib oʻtgan Tomas 1827-yili Indiana shtatida 80 akrlik (32 gektarlik) yerga egalik qildi.{{sfn|Bartelt|2008|pp=24, 104}}

== Suratlar ==
<gallery class="center">
Fayl:Abraham Lincoln by Hesler, 1857.jpg|Linkoln 1857-yilda
Fayl:A&TLincoln.jpg|Linkoln kichik oʻgʻli Tad bilan (1864)
Fayl:Mary Todd Lincoln2crop.jpg|Avraam Linkolnning rafiqasi — Mari Todd Linkoln (1861)
Fayl:Lincoln memorial dc 20041011 095847 1.3008x2000.jpg|Linkoln yodgorligi, [[Vashington (shahar)|Vashington]]
Fayl:Lincoln statue, Lincoln Memorial.jpg|Linkoln yodgorligi ichida joylashgan Linkoln haykali
Fayl:MtRushmore Abe close.jpg|[[Rushmore togʻi]]da Linkolnning yuzi.
Fayl:2002 Penny Proof Obv.png|Linkoln portreti tushirilgan tanga, 2002-yilda zarb qilingan.
Fayl:Abraham Lincoln standing portrait 1863.jpg|1863-yilda Metyu Bredi tomonidan olingan fotosurat.
Fayl:Lincoln's Tomb.JPG|Linkoln qabri, Springfield
Fayl:Fords Theatre.jpg|Ford teatri, 1865-yilda Metyu Bredi tomonidan suratga olingan.
Fayl:London, Abraham Lincoln -- 2016 -- 4815.jpg
</gallery>

== Izohlar ==
{{notelist}}
== Manbalar ==
{{manbalar}}

== Bibliografiya ==
{{Refbegin|30em}}
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* {{jurnal manbasi|last=Hofstadter|first=Richard|author-link=:en:Richard Hofstadter|year=1938|title=The Tariff Issue on the Eve of the Civil War|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-historical-review_1938-10_44_1/page/50|journal=The American Historical Review|volume=44|issue=1|pages=50–55|doi=10.2307/1840850|jstor=1840850}}
* {{kitob manbasi|last=Holzer|first=Harold|author-link=:en:Harold Holzer|year=2004|title=Lincoln at Cooper Union: The Speech That Made Abraham Lincoln President|publisher=Simon & Schuster|location=New York, New York|url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=lQmUab8SnhQC}}|isbn=978-0-7432-9964-0}}
* {{kitob manbasi|last=Jaffa|first=Harry V.|author-link=:en:Harry V. Jaffa|year=2000|title=A New Birth of Freedom: Abraham Lincoln and the Coming of the Civil War|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|location=Lanham, Maryland|url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=SzA4Zdd6mJoC}}|isbn=978-0-8476-9952-0}}
* {{kitob manbasi|last1=Kelley|first1=Robin D. G.|author-link1=Robin Kelley|last2=Lewis|first2=Earl|author-link2=Earl Lewis|year=2005|title=To Make Our World Anew: Volume I: A History of African Americans to 1880|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford, England|url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=ua0dld3camgC}}|isbn=978-0-19-804006-4}}
* {{kitob manbasi|editor1-last=Lamb|editor1-first=Brian P.|editor-link1=Brian Lamb|editor2-last=Swain|editor2-first=Susan|editor-link2=Susan Swain|year=2008|title=Abraham Lincoln: Great American Historians on Our Sixteenth President|publisher=PublicAffairs|location=New York, New York|url=https://archive.org/details/abrahamlincolngr0000unse|isbn=978-1-58648-676-1}}
* {{jurnal manbasi|last=Lupton|first=John A.|year=2006|title=Abraham Lincoln and the Corwin Amendment|journal=Illinois Heritage|volume=9|issue=5|page=34|url=http://www.lib.niu.edu/2006/ih060934.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160824072958/http://www.lib.niu.edu/2006/ih060934.html|archive-date=24-avgust 2016-yil}}
* {{jurnal manbasi|last=Luthin|first=Reinhard H.|author-link=:en:Reinhard H. Luthin|year=1944|title=Abraham Lincoln and the Tariff|journal=The American Historical Review|volume=49|issue=4|pages=609–629|jstor=1850218|doi=10.2307/1850218}}
* {{kitob manbasi|last=Madison|first=James H.|year=2014|title=Hoosiers: A New History of Indiana|publisher=Indiana University Press|location=Indianapolis, Indiana|url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=2DvwnQEACAAJ}}|isbn=978-0-253-01308-8}}
* {{kitob manbasi|last=Mansch|first=Larry D.|year=2005|title=Abraham Lincoln, President-elect: The Four Critical Months from Election to Inauguration|publisher=McFarland & Company|location=Jefferson, North Carolina|url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=NMt-yrjVE50C}}|isbn=978-0-7864-2026-1}}
* {{veb manbasi |url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history-archaeology/Lincolns-Missing-Bodyguard.html |title=Lincoln's Missing Bodyguard |first=Paul |last=Martin |date=8-aprel 2010-yil |work=Smithsonian Magazine |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927221216/http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history-archaeology/Lincolns-Missing-Bodyguard.html |archive-date=27-sentabr 2011-yil |url-status=dead |access-date=15-oktabr 2010-yil }}{{Webarxiv|url=https://www.webcitation.org/62aAqLOzq?url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history-archaeology/Lincolns-Missing-Bodyguard.html |date=2011-10-20 }}
* {{kitob manbasi|last=McGovern|first=George S.|author-link=:en:George McGovern|year=2009|title=Abraham Lincoln: The American Presidents Series: The 16th President, 1861–1865|publisher=Henry Holt and Company|location=New York, New York|url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=oytingEACAAJ}}|isbn=978-0-8050-8345-3}}
* {{kitob manbasi|last=McPherson|first=James M.|author-link=:en:James M. McPherson|year=1992|title=Abraham Lincoln and the Second American Revolution|publisher=Oxford University Press, USA|location=New York, New York|url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=vFNppNaal6AC}}|isbn=978-0-19-507606-6}}
* {{kitob manbasi|last=McPherson|first=James M.|author-link=:en:James M. McPherson|year=2009|title=Abraham Lincoln|publisher=Oxford University Press, USA|location=New York, New York|url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=3BMSDAAAQBAJ}}|isbn=978-0-19-537452-0}}
* {{kitob manbasi |last=Morse |first=John Torrey |author-link=:en:John Torrey Morse|title=Abraham Lincoln |volume=I |publisher=Cambridge, Mass., Riverside Press |year=1893 |url=https://archive.org/details/abrahamlincolnv1mors }}
* {{kitob manbasi |last=Morse |first=John Torrey |author-link=:en:John Torrey Morse|title=Abraham Lincoln |volume=II |publisher=Cambridge, Mass. Riverside Press |year=1893 |url=https://archive.org/details/abrahamlincolnv2mors |ref=morse2}}
* {{kitob manbasi|last=Neely Jr.|first=Mark E.|author-link=:en:Mark E. Neely Jr.|year=1992|title=The Fate of Liberty: Abraham Lincoln and Civil Liberties|publisher=Oxford University Press, USA|location=New York, New York|url=https://www.questia.com/library/79055660/the-fate-of-liberty-abraham-lincoln-and-civil-liberties|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141029142532/https://www.questia.com/library/79055660/the-fate-of-liberty-abraham-lincoln-and-civil-liberties|archive-date=29-oktabr 2014-yil|url-status=live}}
* {{jurnal manbasi|last=Neely Jr.|first=Mark E.|author-link=:en:Mark E. Neely Jr.|year=2004|title=Was the Civil War a Total War?|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_civil-war-history_2004-12_50_4/page/434|journal=Civil War History|volume=50 |issue=4|pages=434–458|doi=10.1353/cwh.2004.0073}}
* {{kitob manbasi|last=Nevins|first=Allan|author-link=:en:Allan Nevins|year=1959|title=The War for the Union|publisher=Scribner|location=New York, New York|url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=88PUvgEACAAJallan}}|isbn=978-0-684-10416-4}}{{Oʻlikhavola|date=mart 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* {{kitob manbasi|last=Nevins|first=Allan|author-link=:en:Allan Nevins|year=1947|title=The War for the Union and Ordeal of the Union, and the Emergence of Lincoln|publisher=Scribner|location=New York, New York|url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=88PUvgEACAAJ}}}}
* {{jurnal manbasi|last=Nichols|first=David A.|year=1974|title=The Other Civil War Lincoln and the Indians|journal=Minnesota History|url=http://collections.mnhs.org/MNHistoryMagazine/articles/44/v44i01p002-015.pdf|qaralgan sana=2022-02-01|arxiv-sana=2022-10-09|arxiv-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://collections.mnhs.org/MNHistoryMagazine/articles/44/v44i01p002-015.pdf|url-status=dead}}
* {{kitob manbasi|last=Noll|first=Mark A. |author-link=:en:Mark Noll |year=1992 |title=A History of Christianity in the United States and Canada|publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans|location=Grand Rapids, Michigan|url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=VGF3wbzzy9QC|page=322}}|isbn=978-0-8028-0651-2}}
* {{kitob manbasi|last1=Noll|first1=Mark A.|year=2002|title=America's God: From Jonathan Edwards to Abraham Lincoln|publisher=Oxford University Press, USA|location=New York, New York|url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=i4kRDAAAQBAJ}}|isbn=978-0-19-515111-4}}
* {{kitob manbasi|last=Oates|first=Stephen B. |author-link=:en:Stephen B. Oates |editor-last=Woodward|editor-first=Comer Vann|editor-link=C. Vann Woodward|year=1974|title=Responses of the Presidents to Charges of Misconduct |publisher=Dell Publishing|location=New York, New York|chapter=Abraham Lincoln 1861–1865 |chapter-url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=ecKHAAAAMAAJ}}|isbn=978-0-440-05923-3}}
* {{kitob manbasi |last=Paludan|first=Phillip Shaw |author-link=:en:Phillip S. Paludan| year=1994 |title=The Presidency of Abraham Lincoln|publisher=University Press of Kansas|location=Lawrence, Kansas|url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=Qi4aAQAAIAAJ}}|isbn=978-0-7006-0671-9}}
* {{jurnal manbasi |last=Parrillo|first=Nicholas|year=2000|title=Lincoln's Calvinist Transformation: Emancipation and War|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_civil-war-history_2000-09_46_3/page/227|journal=Civil War History|volume=46| issue=3|pages=227–253|doi=10.1353/cwh.2000.0073|issn=1533-6271}}
* {{kitob manbasi| last=Potter|first=David M.|author-link=:en:David M. Potter|year=1977|title=The Impending Crisis: America Before the Civil War, 1848-1861 |publisher=HarperCollins|location=New York, New York|url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=S7Qk9nIwk14C}}|isbn=978-0-06-131929-7}}
* {{kitob manbasi| last=Randall|first=James Garfield|author-link=:en:James G. Randall|year=1962|title=Lincoln: The Liberal Statesman|publisher=Dodd, Mead & Co.|location=New York, New York|url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=DHUqAAAAYAAJ}}|asin=B0051VUQXO}}
* {{kitob manbasi|last1=Randall|first1=James Garfield|last2=Current|first2=Richard Nelson|author-link2=Richard N. Current|year=1955|title=Lincoln the President: Last Full Measure|series=Lincoln the President|volume=IV|publisher=Dodd, Mead & Co.|location=New York, New York|url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=KBrdeG8hMhwC}}|oclc=950556947}}
* {{kitob manbasi |last=Richards|first=John T.|year=2015|title=Abraham Lincoln: The Lawyer-Statesman (Classic Reprint)|publisher=Fb&c Limited|location=London, England|url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=3uEUswEACAAJ}}|isbn=978-1-331-28158-0}}
* {{kitob manbasi |last=Sandburg|first=Carl|author-link=:en:Carl Sandburg|year=1926|title=Abraham Lincoln: The Prairie Years|publisher=Harcourt|location=San Diego, California|url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=deFCAAAAIAAJ}}|oclc=6579822}}
* {{kitob manbasi |last=Sandburg|first=Carl|year=2002|title=Abraham Lincoln: The Prairie Years and the War Years|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt|location=Boston, Massachusetts|url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=EPmfzxRags0C}}|isbn=978-0-15-602752-6}}
* {{kitob manbasi |last=Schwartz|first=Barry|author-link=:en:Barry Schwartz (sociologist)|year=2000|title=Abraham Lincoln and the Forge of National Memory|publisher=University of Chicago Press|location=Chicago, Illinois|url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=XZwX9ANHHbUC}}|isbn=978-0-226-74197-0}}
* {{kitob manbasi|last=Schwartz|first=Barry|year=2008|title=Abraham Lincoln in the Post-Heroic Era: History and Memory in Late Twentieth-Century America|publisher=University of Chicago Press|location=Chicago, Illinois|url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=1p9T8drMHeYC}}|isbn=978-0-226-74188-8}}
* {{kitob manbasi |last=Sherman|first=William T.|author-link=:en:William Tecumseh Sherman|year=1990|title=Memoirs of General W.T. Sherman|publisher=BiblioBazaar|location=Charleston, South Carolina|isbn=978-1-174-63172-6}}
* {{kitob manbasi| last=Simon|first=Paul|author-link=:en:Paul Simon (politician)|year=1990|title=Lincoln's Preparation for Greatness: The Legislative Years|publisher=University of Illinois Press|location=Champaign, Illinois|url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=WSm1wQEACAAJ}} |isbn=978-0-252-00203-8}}
* {{kitob manbasi|last=Smith|first=Robert C.|author-link=:en:Robert C. Smith (political scientist)|year=2010|title=Conservatism and Racism, and Why in America They Are the Same|publisher=State University of New York Press|location=Albany, New York|url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=ueQjmQEACAAJ}}|isbn=978-1-4384-3233-5}}
* {{kitob manbasi|last=Steers Jr.|first=Edward|author-link=:en:Edward Steers Jr.|year=2010|title=The Lincoln Assassination Encyclopedia|publisher=HarperCollins|location=New York, New York|url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=5XbXsdrLwn8C}}|isbn=978-0-06-178775-1}}
* {{kitob manbasi|last=Striner|first=Richard|year=2006|title=Father Abraham: Lincoln's Relentless Struggle to End Slavery|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=England, London|url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=EuR2AAAAMAAJ}}|isbn=978-0-19-518306-1}}
* {{kitob manbasi|editor1-last=Taranto|editor1-first=James|editor-link1=James Taranto|editor2-last=Leo|editor2-first=Leonard|editor-link2=Leonard Leo|year=2004|title=Presidential Leadership: Rating the Best and the Worst in the White House|publisher=Free Press|location=New York, New York|url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=myl2AAAAMAAJ}}|isbn=978-0-7432-5433-5}}
* {{jurnal manbasi|last=Tegeder|first=Vincent G.|year=1948|title=Lincoln and the Territorial Patronage: The Ascendancy of the Radicals in the West|journal=The Mississippi Valley Historical Review|volume=35|issue=1|pages=77–90|jstor=1895140|doi=10.2307/1895140}}
* {{kitob manbasi|last=Thomas|first=Benjamin P.|author-link=:en:Benjamin P. Thomas|year=2008|title=Abraham Lincoln: A Biography|publisher=Southern Illinois University Press|location=Carbondale, Illinois|url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=fkB_E9GM0XoC}}|isbn=978-0-8093-2887-1}}
* {{kitob manbasi|last=Trostel|first=Scott D.|year=2002|title=The Lincoln Funeral Train: The Final Journey and National Funeral for Abraham Lincoln|publisher=Cam-Tech Publishing|location=Fletcher, Ohio|url=http://www.lincolnfuneraltrain.com/html/funeral_train.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130712183544/http://lincolnfuneraltrain.com/html/funeral_train.html|archive-date=2013|isbn=978-0-925436-21-4}} {{Webarxiv|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130712183544/http://lincolnfuneraltrain.com/html/funeral_train.html |date=2013-07-12 }}
* {{cite encyclopedia|last=Vile|first=John R.|year=2003|title=Lincoln, Abraham (1809–1865)|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Constitutional Amendments: Proposed Amendments, and Amending Issues 1789–2002|edition=2nd|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-85109-428-8 }}
* {{kitob manbasi|last=Vorenberg|first=Michael|year=2001|title=Final Freedom: The Civil War, the Abolition of Slavery, and the Thirteenth Amendment|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge, England|url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=f-UQWNPD5qgC}}|isbn=978-0-521-65267-4}}
* {{kitob manbasi|last=Warren|first=Louis A.|year=2017|title=Lincoln's Youth: Indiana Years, Seven to Twenty-One, 1816-1830 (Classic Reprint)|publisher=Fb&c Limited|location=London, England|url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=1zo7tAEACAAJ}}|isbn=978-0-282-90830-0}}
* {{kitob manbasi|last=White|first=Ronald C.|author-link=:en:Ronald C. White|year=2009|title=A. Lincoln: A Biography|publisher=Random House|location=New York, New York|url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=6kf6Kzz4otYCA.}}|isbn=978-1-58836-775-4}}{{Oʻlikhavola|date=mart 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* {{kitob manbasi|last=Wills|first=Garry|author-link=:en:Garry Wills|year=2012|title=Lincoln at Gettysburg: The Words that Remade America|publisher=Simon and Schuster|location=New York, New York|url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=7-aynIQRkYcC}}|isbn=978-1-4391-2645-5}}
* {{kitob manbasi|last1=Wilson|first1=Douglas Lawson|last2=Davis |first2=Rodney O.|last3=Wilson|first3=Terry |first4=William Henry|last4=Herndon|first5=Jesse William|last5=Weik|title=Herndon's Informants: Letters, Interviews, and Statements about Abraham Lincoln|url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=s2gilcp4yYQC|page=35}}|year=1998|publisher=Univ of Illinois Press|isbn=978-0-252-02328-6|pages=35-36}}
* {{kitob manbasi|last=Wilson|first=Douglas L. |title=Honor's Voice: The Transformation of Abraham Lincoln|url=https://archive.org/details/honorsvoicetrans00wils|year=1999|publisher=A. A. Knopf|location=New York|isbn=978-0-307-76581-9}}
* {{kitob manbasi|last=Winkle|first=Kenneth J.|year=2001|title=The Young Eagle: The Rise of Abraham Lincoln|publisher=Taylor Trade Publishing|location=Lanham, Maryland|url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=JcEVAAAAQBAJ}}|isbn=978-1-4617-3436-9}}
* {{kitob manbasi|last=Zarefsky|first=David|author-link=:en:David Zarefsky|year=1993|title=Lincoln, Douglas, and Slavery: In the Crucible of Public Debate|publisher=University of Chicago Press|location=Chicago, Illinois|url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=SlCU9PS9VGcC}}|isbn=978-0-226-97876-5}}
{{Refend}}

== Havolalar ==
{{Commons turkum}}
* [https://presidentlincoln.illinois.gov/ Abraham Lincoln kutubxonasi va muzeyi] {{ref-en}}
* [https://quod.lib.umich.edu/l/lincoln/ Abraham Lincoln] — Michigan universiteti {{ref-en}}
* [https://www.whitehouse.gov/about-the-white-house/presidents/abraham-lincoln/ Oq uy biografiyasi] {{Webarxiv|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210719025730/https://www.whitehouse.gov/about-the-white-house/presidents/abraham-lincoln/ |date=2021-07-19 }} {{ref-en}}

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