Brokkoli sahifasining manbasini koʻrish

'''Brokkoli''' (''Brassica oleracea'' var. ''italica'') karamdoshlar oilasiga (Brassicaceae oilasi, ''Brassica'' turkumi) kiruvchi yashil oʻsimlik boʻlib, uning katta gullaydigan boshi, [[poya]]si va mayda bogʻlangan [[Bargli sabzavotlar|barglari]] [[sabzavot]] sifatida isteʼmol qilinadi. Brokkoli ''Brassica oleracea'' turlarining Italica navlari guruhiga kiradi. Brokkoli katta gul boshlariga ega. [[Gul]] boshlari barglar bilan oʻralgan.

U xom yoki pishirilgan holda isteʼmol qilinadi. Brokkoli [[Askorbin kislota|vitamin C]] va K vitaminining boy manbaidir. Tarkibida [[oltingugurt]], glyukozinolat birikmalari bor, izotiosiyanatlar va sulforafan qaynatilganda kamayadi, ammo bugʻda pishirish, mikrotoʻlqinli pechda yoki aralashtirib qovurish orqali yaxshiroq saqlanadi<ref name="Nugrahedi"/>.
[[Fayl:Broccoli_plants_growing_in_New_Jersey_in_April.jpg|right|thumb| Pitomnikda brokkoli oʻsimliklari]]
[[Fayl:Sa_broccoli_florets.jpg|thumb|Brokkoli gullarining yaqindan suratlari (kattalashtirish uchun bosing)]]

== Etimologiya ==
''Brokkoli'' soʻzi italyancha broccolo soʻzidan kelib chiqqan, bu „ karamning gullaydigan choʻqqisi“ degan maʼnoni anglatadi<ref>{{Ensiklopediya manbasi|title=broccoli|encyclopedia=Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary|edition=11th|page=[https://archive.org/details/merriamwebstersc00merr_6/page/156 156]|isbn=978-0-87779-809-5|url=https://archive.org/details/merriamwebstersc00merr_6/page/156|date=2004|accessdate=9 April 2014}}</ref>. Brokkoli oilasi, aʼzolari Albert R. Brokkoli va Barbara Brokkoli boʻlgan va XX XXI asrda Jeyms Bond filmlarini ishlab chiqarish bilan tanilgan, ular sabzavot ajdodlar Carrara sharafiga nomlanganini doimo ta‘kiflab kelishgan<ref name="IndependentFam">{{Yangiliklar manbasi |last=Murray |first=Tom |date=23 September 2022 |title=The Broccoli family behind James Bond also claim to be behind the vegetable |language=en |work=The Independent |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/news/james-bond-007-movies-barbara-broccoli-b2173567.html |access-date=23 September 2022}}</ref><ref name="Culhane1989">{{Yangiliklar manbasi |last=Culhane |first=John |date=9 July 1989 |title='Broccoli . . . Cubby Broccoli' : How a Long Island vegetable farmer became the man who produced all of the real James Bond movies |work=Los Angeles Times |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1989-07-09-ca-5205-story.html |access-date=23 September 2022}}</ref>.

== ''Brassica oleracea'' ning boshqa nav guruhlari ==
''Brassica oleracea'' ning boshqa navli guruhlariga karam (Kapitata guruhi), gulkaram va Romanesko brokkoli (Botrytis guruhi), [[Kale (karam navi)|kale]] (Acephala guruhi), yoqa (Viridis guruhi), kohlrabi (Gongylodes guruhi), [[Bryussel karami]] (Gemmifera guruhi) va kai- lan kiradi<ref>{{Kitob manbasi|last=Dixon|first=G.R.|date=2007|title=Vegetable brassicas and related crucifers|url=https://archive.org/details/vegetablebrassic0000dixo|isbn=978-0-85199-395-9|publisher=CABI|location=Wallingford}}</ref><ref>{{Jurnal manbasi|last=Stansell|first1=Zachary|last2=Farnham|first2=Mark|last3=Björkman|first3=Thomas|date=2019|title=Complex Horticultural Quality Traits in Broccoli Are Illuminated by Evaluation of the Immortal BolTBDH Mapping Population|journal=Frontiers in Plant Science|language=en|volume=10|page=1104|doi=10.3389/fpls.2019.01104|pmid=31620146|pmc=6759917|issn=1664-462X}}</ref>. Brokkoli navlari Janubiy va Janubi-Sharqiy Osiyoda keng tarqalgan „tropik gulkaram“ ning genetik asosini tashkil qiladi<ref>{{Jurnal manbasi|last=Bjorkman|first1=T.|last2=Pearson|first2=K. J.|date=1 January 1998|title=High temperature arrest of inflorescence development in broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica L.)|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-experimental-botany_1998-01_49_318/page/101|journal=Journal of Experimental Botany|volume=49|issue=318|pages=101–106|doi=10.1093/jxb/49.318.101|issn=0022-0957}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Jurnal manbasi|last=Stansell|first1=Zachary|last2=Björkman|first2=Thomas|date=1 October 2020|title=From landrace to modern hybrid broccoli: the genomic and morphological domestication syndrome within a diverse ''B. oleracea'' collection|journal=Horticulture Research|language=en|volume=7|issue=1|page=159|doi=10.1038/s41438-020-00375-0|pmid=33082966|pmc=7528014|issn=2052-7276}}</ref>.
[[File:Brassica oleracea var. italica Limba 2022-05-06 8880.jpg|thumb|Brassica oleracea var. italica ko‘chati]]
{| class="wikitable floatright" style="clear:left; width:18em; text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" |Brokkoli ishlab chiqarish — 2019
<small>(gulkaramni oʻz ichiga oladi)</small>
|-
! style="background:#ddf;" | Mamlakat
! style="background:#ddf;" | Ishlab chiqarish<br /><small>millionlab tonna</small>
|-
| Xitoy
| 10.6
|-
|{{IND}}
| 9.1
|-
|Qoʻshma Shtatlar
| 1.2
|-
| Ispaniya
| 0,7
|-
| Meksika
| 0,7
|-
| '''Dunyo'''
| '''26.9'''
|-
| colspan="2" | <small>Manba: [[Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkiloti]]ning FAOSTAT</small> <ref name="fao"/>
|}

== Turlari ==
Brokkolining uch xil turi keng tarqalgan<ref name=":0"/>. Eng keng tarqalgani '''Kalabrese brokkoli''' boʻlib, koʻpincha oddiygina „brokkoli“ deb ataladi, Italiyadagi [[Kalabriya]] nomi bilan atalgan. Uning katta (10-20 sm) yashil boshlari va qalin poyalari bor. Bu bir yillik ekin hisoblanadi. '''Oq brokkoli''' (oq yoki binafsha) koʻplab ingichka sopi bilan koʻproq boshga ega<ref>{{Veb manbasi|sarlavha=Broccoli|url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/advice/grow-your-own/vegetables/broccoli|ish=[[Royal Horticultural Society]]|qaralgan sana=24 March 2020}}</ref>. '''Binafsha rangli karam''' yoki '''binafsha bargli karam''' [[Yevropa]] va Shimoliy Amerikada yetishtiriladigan brokkoli turi hisoblanadi. Uning boshi gulkaramga oʻxshaydi, lekin koʻplab mayda gul kurtaklaridan iborat<ref>{{Citation|last=Branca|first1=Ferdinando|title=Cauliflower and Broccoli|date=2008|journal=Vegetables I: Asteraceae, Brassicaceae, Chenopodicaceae, and Cucurbitaceae|pages=151–186|editor1-last=Prohens|editor1-first=Jaime|editor2-last=Nuez|editor2-first=Fernando|series=Handbook of Plant Breeding|volume=1|place=New York, NY|publisher=Springer|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-0-387-30443-4_5|isbn=978-0-387-30443-4}}</ref>.
[[File:Brassica oleracea var. italica Limba 2022-08-25 9178.jpg|thumb|Brassica oleracea var. italica urug‘lari]]
Boshqa mashhur [[Nav|navlar]] Belstar, Blue Wind, Coronado Crown, Destiny, DiCicco, Green Goliath, Green Magic, Purple Sprouting, Romanesco, Sun King va Waltham 29 kiradi<ref>{{Veb manbasi|url=https://gardenerspath.com/plants/vegetables/best-broccoli-varieties/|sarlavha=The Best Broccoli Varieties to Grow Your Own|sana=28 June 2018|ish=Gardener's Path}}</ref><ref name="Stansell 1–10">{{Jurnal manbasi|last=Stansell|first1=Zachary|last2=Hyma|first2=Katie|last3=Fresnedo-Ramírez|first3=Jonathan|last4=Sun|first4=Qi|last5=Mitchell|first5=Sharon|last6=Björkman|first6=Thomas|last7=Hua|first7=Jian|date=1 July 2018|title=Genotyping-by-sequencing of ''Brassica oleracea'' vegetables reveals unique phylogenetic patterns, population structure and domestication footprints|journal=Horticulture Research|language=en|volume=5|issue=1|page=38|doi=10.1038/s41438-018-0040-3|pmid=29977574|pmc=6026498|issn=2052-7276}}</ref>.

== Kultivatsiya ==
Brokkoli navlarining aksariyati salqin ob-havo ekinlari boʻlib, ular yozning issiq havosiga chidamsiz. Brokkoli kunlik oʻrtacha harorat {{Convert|18|and|23|°C|°F}} gacha boʻlganida yaxshi oʻsadi<ref>{{Veb manbasi|sarlavha=HGIC 1301 Broccoli|muallif=Smith|ism=Powell|sana=June 1999|nashriyot=[[Clemson University]]|url=http://www.clemson.edu/extension/hgic/plants/vegetables/crops/hgic1301.html|qaralgan sana=25 August 2009}}</ref><ref>{{Jurnal manbasi|last=Branham|first1=Sandra E.|last2=Stansell|first2=Zachary J.|last3=Couillard|first3=David M.|last4=Farnham|first4=Mark W.|date=1 March 2017|title=Quantitative trait loci mapping of heat tolerance in broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica) using genotyping-by-sequencing|journal=Theoretical and Applied Genetics|language=en|volume=130|issue=3|pages=529–538|doi=10.1007/s00122-016-2832-x|pmid=27900399|issn=1432-2242}}</ref>. Brokkoli „boshi“ deb ham ataladigan gullar toʻdasi oʻsimlikning markazida paydo boʻladi. Brokkoli boshi yorqin sariq gullar paydo bo‘lishidan oldin yigʻib olinishi kerak<ref>{{Ensiklopediya manbasi|title=Broccoli|last=Liptay|first=Albert|date=1988}}</ref>.

== Ishlab chiqarish ==
2019-yilda global brokkoli ishlab chiqarish (gulkaram bilan ishlab chiqarish hisobotlari uchun birgalikda) 27 million tonnani tashkil etdi<ref name="fao">{{Veb manbasi|url=http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC|sarlavha=Broccoli (and cauliflower) production in 2019, Crops/Regions/World list/Production Quantity (pick lists)|sana=2020|nashriyot=UN Food and Agriculture Organization, Corporate Statistical Database (FAOSTAT)|qaralgan sana=10 February 2021}}</ref>. Har biri yiliga bir million tonna ishlab chiqaruvchilar [[Amerika Qoʻshma Shtatlari]], [[Ispaniya]] va [[Meksika]] edi.
[[File:Brassica-oleracea-italica-flower.JPG|thumb|Brassica oleracea italica gullari]]
Amerika Qoʻshma Shtatlarida brokkoli yil davomida [[Kaliforniya]]da yetishtiriladi. 2018-yilda shtat milliy hosilning 92 foizini ishlab chiqargan<ref name="amrc">{{Veb manbasi|sarlavha=Broccoli|url=https://www.agmrc.org/commodities-products/vegetables/broccoli|nashriyot=Agricultural Marketing Resource Center, US Department of Agriculture|sana=1 June 2018|qaralgan sana=27 June 2019}}</ref>.

Brokkolini mashinalar yordamida yigʻib boʻlmaydi, yaʼni uni qoʻlda yigʻib olish kerak<ref>{{Veb manbasi|sarlavha=Broccoli production|url=https://extension.psu.edu/broccoli-production|nashriyot=Pennsylvania State University, Extension Service|sana=20 June 2005|qaralgan sana=10 February 2021}}</ref>.

== Ozuqaviy qiymati ==
100 grammlik xom brokkoli porsiyasi 34 kkal beradi va [[Askorbin kislota|C]] (107% DV) va K vitamini (97% DV) ning boy manbaidir (kunlik qiymatining 20% yoki undan yuqori). Xom brokkoli tarkibida kam miqdorda B vitaminlari va [[marganets]] minerali bor. Xom brokkoli 89% suv, 7% [[uglevodlar]], 3% [[Proteinlar|protein]] va arzimas yogʻni oʻz ichiga oladi.

=== Ovqat tayyorlash ===
Qaynatish brokkoli glyukozinolatlari darajasini sezilarli darajada kamaytiradi, bugʻda pishirish, [[mikrotoʻlqinli pech]]da pishirish va qovurish glyukozinolat darajasiga sezilarli taʼsir koʻrsatmaydi<ref name="Nugrahedi">{{Jurnal manbasi|last=Nugrahedi|first1=Probo Y.|last2=Verkerk|first2=Ruud|last3=Widianarko|first3=Budi|last4=Dekker|first4=Matthijs|title=A Mechanistic Perspective on Process-Induced Changes in Glucosinolate Content in Brassica Vegetables: A Review|journal=Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition|volume=55|issue=6|date=2015|issn=1040-8398|pmid=24915330|doi=10.1080/10408398.2012.688076|pages=823–838|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/262977227}}</ref>.
[[File:Broccoli in a firm of West Bengal 02.jpg|thumb|Brokkoli]]

== Taʼmi ==
Brokkoli kabi sabzavotlarning achchiqligi glyukozinolatlar va ularning gidroliz mahsulotlari, xususan, izotiosiyanatlar va boshqa [[oltingugurt]] oʻz ichiga olgan birikmalardan kelib chiqadi<ref name="Bell">{{Jurnal manbasi|last=Bell|first1=Luke|last2=Oloyede|first2=Omobolanle O.|last3=Lignou|first3=Stella|last4=Wagstaff|first4=Carol|last5=Methven|first5=Lisa|title=Taste and flavor perceptions of glucosinolates, isothiocyanates, and related compounds|journal=Molecular Nutrition and Food Research|volume=62|issue=18|date=2018-04-30|issn=1613-4125|pmid=29578640|doi=10.1002/mnfr.201700990|page=1700990|url=https://centaur.reading.ac.uk/76654/1/mnfr.201700990.pdf}}</ref>. Dastlabki tadqiqotlar shuni koʻrsatadiki, TAS2R38 geni orqali [[Ajdod|genetik meros]] brokkolidagi achchiq taʼm uchun qisman javobgar boʻlishi mumkin<ref>{{Jurnal manbasi|pmid=24025627|title=Human bitter perception correlates with bitter receptor messenger RNA expression in taste cells|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-clinical-nutrition_2013-10_98_4/page/1136|journal=Am J Clin Nutr|date=2013|volume=98|issue=4|pages=1136–43|doi=10.3945/ajcn.113.066688|pmc=3778862}}</ref>.

== Zararkunandalar ==
Brokkolining keng tarqalgan zararkunandalariga Shimoliy Amerika, Avstraliya va Yangi Zelandiyaga tasodifan kiritilgan „karam qurtlari“, ''Pieris rapae'' lichinkalari<ref>{{Kitob manbasi|last=Heitzman|first=J. Richard|editor=Love|others=Rathert, Jim (principal photographer)|title=Butterflies and moths of Missouri|date=1996|publisher=Missouri Dept. of Conservation|location=Jefferson City, MO|isbn=1-887247-06-8}}</ref>.

Brokkoli yetishtirish uchun keng tarqalgan qoʻshimcha zararkunandalarga quyidagilar kiradi<ref>{{Veb manbasi|sarlavha=Cabbage, Broccoli & Other Cole Crop Insect Pests|url=https://hgic.clemson.edu/factsheet/cabbage-broccoli-other-cole-crop-insect-pests/|ish=Home & Garden Information Center|sana=4 May 2020|nashriyot=Clemson University|qaralgan sana=28 November 2020|til=en-US}}</ref>:

* [[Oʻsimlik bitlari|Shira]]
* Karam qurti
* Koʻndalang chiziqli karam qurti
* Olmosli kuya
* Import qilingan karam qurti
* Harlequin karam hasharoti

== Galereya ==
<gallery>
Fayl:NRCSAZ02078 - Arizona (439)(NRCS Photo Gallery).jpg|[[Yuma, Arizona|Arizona shtatining Yuma shahrida]] urug'lik uchun o'stirilgan brokkoli dalasida [[Surface irrigation#Furrow irrigation|suv toshqini bilan sug'orish.]]
Fayl:Broccoli flowers 2525385935 e13d4de4c4 b.jpg|Brokkoli gullamoqda
Fayl:Cavolfiore Violetto di Sicilia.jpg|Sitsiliya binafsha rangli brokkoli navi
Fayl:巨無霸青花菜 20191121171730.jpg|Brokkoli "gigant", uning gullash boshi va sopi bir kilogrammga etishi mumkin.
</gallery>

== Manbalar ==
{{manbalar}}
{{Commons turkum|Brassica oleraca}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q47722}}

 

[[Turkum:Oʻsimliklar]]
[[Turkum:Botanika]]