Capsicum pubescens sahifasining manbasini koʻrish

{| class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)" |''Capsicum pubescens''
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center" |[[File:01_rocoto_perupair.jpg|frameless]]
|- style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"
|-
! colspan="2" style="min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)" |Ilmiy tasniflash
|-
|
|Oʻsimliklar
|-
|
|Yuksak oʻsimliklar
|-
|
|Gulli oʻsimlik
|-
|
|Ikki urugʻpallalilar
|-
|
|[[Asterids]]
|-
|
|[[Solanales]]
|-
|
|[[Solanaceae]]
|-
|
|''[[Capsicum]]''
|-
|
|<div class="species" style="display:inline">'''''C.&nbsp;pubescens'''''</div>
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)" |Binar nomi
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center" |'''<span class="binomial">''Capsicum pubescens''</span>'''<br /><br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">[[Hipólito Ruiz López|Ruiz]] & [[José Antonio Pavón Jiménez|Pav.]]</div>
|- style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)" |Sinonimlar
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align: left" |
* ''Brachistus lanceifolius'' Miers
* ''Capsicum annuum'' var. ''violaceum'' Voss
* ''Capsicum lanceifolium'' (Miers) Kuntze
|}
{| class="infobox"
! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" |Rokoto qalampiri
|-
! class="infobox-label" scope="row" | Issiqlik
| class="infobox-data" | Pastdan Juda issiqgacha
|-
! class="infobox-label" scope="row" | [[Scoville scale|Skovil shkalasi]]
| class="infobox-data" | 2,400-250,000 SHU
|}
[[Fayl:Capsicum_pubescens_map.png|link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Capsicum_pubescens_map.png/220px-Capsicum_pubescens_map.png|thumb| ''C. pubescens'' yetishtiriladigan mamlakatlar]]
''[[Qalampir|Capsicum]]'' '''''pubescens''''' — qalampir (qalampir) turkumiga mansub oʻsimlik. P''ubescens soʻzi'' qalampirning tukli barglariga ishora qiladi. Barglarning tukliligi qora urugʻlar bilan birga ''Capsicum pubescensni'' boshqa Capsicum turlaridan ajratib turadi. ''Capsicum pubescens'' mevalari yorqin sariq, toʻq sariq, qizil, yashil yoki jigarrangga ega.
[[File:Capsicum pubescens Ruiz and Pav. (AM AK313160-3).jpg|thumb|Capsicum pubescens ]]
Bu tur asosan [[Markaziy Amerika|Markaziy]] va [[Janubiy Amerika|Janubiy Amerikada]] uchraydi. U yangi, quritilgan yoki maydalangan holda isteʼmol qilinadi. [[Peru]] va [[Ekvador|Ekvadorda]] ''rokoto'' (kechua, ''rukutu'', ''ruqutu'' ''<nowiki/>'''), [[Boliviya]] va [[Argentina|Argentinada]] lokoto ([[Aymara tili|Aymara]], ''luqutu''), [[Meksika|Meksikada]] esa olma shaklidagi mevalari uchun ''manzano'' ([[Ispan tili|ispancha]] „olma“) qalampiri deb ataladi. ''Capsicum'' oilasidagi barcha xonakilashtirilgan turlardan u eng kam tarqalgan oʻsimlik hisoblanadi<ref name=":0">{{Kitob manbasi|date=2012|editor=Bosland|title=Peppers: vegetable and spice capsicums|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781845938253.0000|doi=10.1079/9781845938253.0000|isbn=9781845938253}}</ref>.

== Tavsif ==

=== Vegetativ xususiyatlar ===
''Capsicum'' turkumining barcha boshqa turlari singari, ''Capsicum pubesce'' buta sifatida oʻsadi. Ular nisbatan tez oʻsib boʻyi toʻrt metrga yetadi va 15 yilgacha yashaydi, bu ularga, ayniqsa yoshi bilan, deyarli daraxtga oʻxshash koʻrinish beradi<ref>{{Veb manbasi|muallif=Kosmix Staff|ism=None|sarlavha=Rocoto Pepper|url=http://www.kosmix.com/topic/rocoto_pepper|ish=Chilli Articles|nashriyot=Kosmix.com|kirish sanasi=7 May 2011}}{{Oʻlikhavola|date=noyabr 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>. Kurtaklar koʻproq barg qoʻltigʻidan rivojlanadi. Baʼzi navlar boshqa ''Capsicum'' turlarida kuzatilishi mumkin boʻlgan shoxlarida binafsha rang dogʻlarga ega. Barglari 5-12 mm uzunlikdagi va barg plastinkasi tuxumsimon 5-12 smgacha gacha uzunligi 2,5 dan 4 sm gacha kengligida, tepada torayib ketgan va taglik xanjar shaklida<ref>{{Veb manbasi|muallif=Duffy|ism=Jim|sarlavha=Capsicum Pubescens|url=http://www.refiningfirechiles.com/pubescens.html|ish=Chilli Guides|nashriyot=Refining Fire Chillies|kirish sanasi=7 May 2011|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150221124357/http://refiningfirechiles.com/pubescens.html#|arxivsana=2015-02-21}}</ref>.

Nisbatan uzoq umr koʻruvchi ''Capsicum pubescens'' boshqa koʻplab xususiyatlar bilan turkumga farq qiladi.

=== Fitokimyoviy moddalar ===

==== Kapsaitsinoidlar ====
Kapsaitsinoidlar (kapsaitsin) chili qalampiridagi issiqlik uchun javob beradigan tabiiy fitokimyoviy moddalar <ref name=":02">{{Cite journal|last=W. Meckelmann|first1=Sven|last2=Jansen|first2=Christian|last3=W. Riegel|first3=Dieter|last4=van Zonneveld|first4=Maarten|last5=Ríos|first5=Llermé|last6=Peña|first6=Karla|last7=Mueller‑Seitz|first7=Erika|last8=Petz|first8=Michael|date=29 July 2015|title=Phytochemicals in native Peruvian Capsicum pubescens (Rocoto)|journal=Eur Food Res Technol (|volume=241|issue=6|pages=817–825|doi=10.1007/s00217-015-2506-y}}</ref>.

''C.pubescens'' — chili qalampiri, uning fitokimyoviy moddalari keng oʻrganilmagan<ref>{{Kitob manbasi|last=Collins|first=M.|title=Rare and Novel Capsaicinoid Profiles in Capsicum.|publisher=Capsicum and Eggplant Newsletter|edition=Volume 13|pages=48–51}}</ref>. ''C.pubescensning'' ayrim turlari kuchsiz issiqlikka ega boʻlsa-da, boshqa navlari eng issiq qalampir hisoblanadi. Oʻtkirlik darajasi ikki xil tadqiqotga koʻra, 2400-31,000 Skovil shkalasi, 15,000-80,000 Skovil shkalasi va 50,000-250,000 Skovil shkalasi orasida oʻzgarib turadi<ref name=":02"/><ref>{{Kitob manbasi|last=Kollmannsberger|first=Hubert|title=Volatile and capsaicinoid composition of aj´ı (Capsicum baccatum) and rocoto (Capsicum pubescens), two Andean species of chile peppers|date=28 January 2011|publisher=Wiley Online Library}}</ref>.

''C. pubescens'' karotenoidlarning manbasi kam boʻlib, ''[[Shirin qalampir|Capsicum annuum]]'' bilan solishtirganda kam miqdorda [[Askorbin kislota|askorbin kislotasi]] va polifenollarga ega. Bundan tashqari, qayta ishlash jarayonida bu qalampirning urugʻlarini olib tashlash umumiy polifenol miqdorini 50 % ga kamaytiradi<ref>{{Cite journal|last=OBOH|first1=G.|last2=ROCHA|first2=J.B.T.|title=Distribution and Antioxidant Activity of Polyphenols in Ripe and Unripe Tree Pepper (Capsicum Pubescens)|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/j.1745-4514.2007.00123.x|journal=Journal of Food Biochemistry|year=2007|volume=31|issue=4|pages=456–473|doi=10.1111/j.1745-4514.2007.00123.x}}</ref>.

==== Xushboʻy hid ====
Ushbu turga boʻlgan qiziqish ortib borayotgan [[bodring]] aromati bilan bogʻliq<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rodrıguez-Burruezo|first1=A.|last2=Prohens|first2=J.|last3=Raigon|first3=M. D.|last4=Nuez|first4=F.|date=13 March 2009|title=Variation for bioactive compounds in ajı´ (Capsicum baccatum L.) and rocoto (C. pubescens R. & P.) and implications for breeding|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_euphytica_2009-11_170_1-2/page/169|journal=Euphytica|volume=170|issue=1–2|pages=169–181|doi=10.1007/s10681-009-9916-5}}</ref>. ''C.pubescens'' aromatik tuzilishi boshqa chili qalampirlaridan farq qiladi. Hid profilida toʻrtta xushboʻy hid ustunlik qiladi: yashil bodring, noʻxat va qizil qalampir yoki bulgʻor qalampiri<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Morales-Soriano|first1=Eduardo|last2=Kebede|first2=Biniam|last3=Ugás|first3=Roberto|last4=Grauweta|first4=Tara|last5=Van Loey|first5=Ann|last6=Hendrickx|first6=Marc|date=2018|title=Flavor characterization of native Peruvian chili peppers through integrated aroma fingerprinting and pungency profiling|journal=Food Research International 109|volume=250-259}}</ref>. ''C. chinense'' (odatda ishlatiladigan chili qalampiri) va ''C.pubescens'' oʻrtasidagi aromatik farqlar bir nechta ionon esterlar va ektokarpen sabablidir<ref>{{Cite journal|last=W. Meckelmann|first1=Sven|last2=Jansen|first2=Christian|last3=W. Riegel|first3=Dieter|last4=van Zonneveld|first4=Maarten|last5=Ríos|first5=Llermé|last6=Peña|first6=Karla|last7=Mueller‑Seitz|first7=Erika|last8=Petz|first8=Michael|date=29 July 2015|title=Phytochemicals in native Peruvian Capsicum pubescens (Rocoto)|journal=Eur Food Res Technol (|volume=241|issue=6|pages=817–825|doi=10.1007/s00217-015-2506-y}}</ref>.

== Foydalanadi ==

=== Oziq-ovqat xususiyatlari ===
''Capsicum pubescens'' mevalari Janubiy Amerika oshxonasida koʻp qirrali taomdir<ref>{{Kitob manbasi|last=National Research Council|title=Lost Crops of the Incas: Little-Known Plants of the Andes with Promise for Worldwide Cultivation|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_iT0rAAAAYAAJ|date=1989|publisher=Washington, DC: The National Academies Press|isbn=978-0-309-04264-2}}</ref>. Ziravorlar darajasi boshqa mashhur chilis bilan solishtirish mumkin, 50 000 dan 250 000 gacha Scoville issiqlik birligi qayd etilgan<ref name=":3">{{Veb manbasi|sarlavha=Rocoto-Pflanzen|url=https://chilipflanzen.com/wissenswertes/rocoto-pflanzen/|ish=Chilipflanzen|sana=7 January 2016|kirish sanasi=14 November 2021}}</ref>.
[[File:"rocoto" relleno.jpg|thumb|"rocoto" relleno]]
=== Yangi holatda foydalanish ===
''Capsicum pubescens'' bilan ishlashda qoʻlqop kiyish tavsiya etiladi. Achchiqlikni kamaytirish uchun mevalarni qaynatish mumkin<ref>{{Veb manbasi|muallif=Adams|ism=Mark|sarlavha=Top 10: Things to Eat in Peru|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/article/best-food-peru#page=2|ish=National Geographic|sana=8 July 2016|kirish sanasi=9 November 2021}}</ref>. Rokoto relleno — [[Peru|Peruning]] And togʻlarida joylashgan [[Arekipa]] shahridagi mashhur taom<ref name="Cookbook">{{Kitob manbasi|last=Acurio|first=Gaston|title=Peru: The Cookbook|date=2015|publisher=Phaidon Press limited|isbn=978-3-944297-20-0}}</ref>. ''Capsicum pubescens'' mevalari boshqa ovqatlarga qoʻshimcha sifatida ham ishlatiladi. Chili pastasi moy bilan aralashtirish orqali tayyorlanadi. Chili kremi rokoto chilisini yangi pishloq bilan aralashtirish orqali tayyorlanadi. Aji de Huacatay — yashil rokoto chilisini oʻz ichiga olgan va odatda kartoshka bilan xizmat qiladigan yashil sous. Bundan tashqari, rokotolar yangi salsalar uchun ishlatiladi. <ref name="Cookbook" />

Qalin eti va yuqori namlik tufayli qalampirni boshqa Capsicum turlari kabi faqat quyosh nuri bilan quritish samarali emas. Yopiq quritish tunneli 80 kilogramm yangi qalampirning namligini 6,4 kilogramgacha kamaytirishi mumkin<ref>{{Veb manbasi|sarlavha=Chile – In der Heimat der Rocoto-Chili|sana=19 November 2014|url=https://pepperworld.com/chile-in-der-heimat-der-rocoto-chili/|kirish sanasi=14 November 2021}}</ref>.

=== Zararkunandalar ===
''C. pubescensning zararkunandasi'' ''Anastrepha ludens'' (Meksika meva chivinlari)<ref>{{Veb manbasi|sana=1 November 2021|sarlavha=''Capsicum pubescens'' (rocoto)|nashriyot=CABI|url=https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/47408783#toplantType|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211121182445/https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/47408783|arxivsana=2021-11-21}}</ref>. ''A. ludens'' — ''Anastrephaʼnın'' eng xavfli zararkunandalaridan biri. EPPO (Yevropa va Oʻrta yer dengizi oʻsimliklarni himoya qilish tashkiloti) tomonidan A1 karantin zararkunandasi hisoblanadi<ref>{{Veb manbasi|sana=1 November 2021|sarlavha=''Anastrepha ludens'' (Mexican fruit fly)|nashriyot=CABI|url=https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/5654|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160121183041/http://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/5654|arxivsana=2016-01-21}}</ref><ref>{{Veb manbasi|sana=1 September 2021|sarlavha=EPPO A1 List of pests recommended for regulation as quarantine pests|url=https://www.eppo.int/ACTIVITIES/plant_quarantine/A1_list|nashriyot=EPPO|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180914203439/https://www.eppo.int/ACTIVITIES/plant_quarantine/A1_list|arxivsana=2018-09-14}}</ref>. Shunday qilib, yangi ''C. pubescens'' importi koʻplab mamlakatlar tomonidan cheklangan. Yevropa bozorida faqat muzlatilgan va yangi ishlab chiqarilgan oziq-ovqatlarni sotishga ruxsat berilgan.

=== Patogenlar ===
Oʻsimliklar bir qancha kasalliklarga chidamli boʻlib, oomitset qoʻzgʻatuvchisi ''Phytophthora capsici'', butun dunyo boʻylab qalampir ishlab chiqarish sanoatiga 100 million dollardan ortiq yoʻqotishlarga olib keladi<ref>{{Cite journal|date=June 2018|title=Race Characterization of Phytophthora Root Rot on Capsicum in Taiwan as a Basis for Anticipatory Resistance Breeding|url=https://apsjournals.apsnet.org/doi/full/10.1094/PHYTO-08-17-0289-R|journal=Phytopathology|doi=10.1094/PHYTO-08-17-0289-R|last=Barchenger|first1=Derek W.|last2=Sheu|first2=Zong-Ming|last3=Kumar|first3=Sanjeet|last4=Lin|first4=Shih-Wen|last5=Burlakoti|first5=Rishi R.|last6=Bosland|first6=Paul W.|volume=108|issue=8|pages=964–971|pmid=29484915}}</ref>. Kasallangan ''C. pubescens'' qalin mumsimon kesikulaga ega, bu [[Peru]] Oksapampa atrofidagi hududlarda ''pealing'' kasalligi deb ataladi.

''C. pubescens'' gullashdan keyin kamida 3 oy oʻtgach,<ref name=":22">{{Veb manbasi|sarlavha=Rocoto plants|url=https://chili-plant.com/chilli-varieties/rocoto-plants/|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191014220306/https://chili-plant.com/chilli-varieties/rocoto-plants/|arxivsana=2019-10-14}}</ref> yigʻib olinadi<ref name=":32">{{Cite journal|date=1 February 2016|title=Distribution and Cultivation Practices of Capsicum pubescens on the Islands of Java, Sumatra, and Sulawesi, Indonesia|url=https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jis/17/1/17_67/_pdf|journal=The Journal of Island Studies|volume=17|pages=67–87|doi=10.5995/jis.17.1.67|last=Yamamoto|first1=Sota|last2=Djarwaningsih|first2=Tutie|last3=Wiriadinata|first3=Harry}}</ref>. Mevalar har haftada har 2 haftada yigʻib olindi va yigʻish 2-3 yil davomida, kasalliklar paydo boʻlmasa 5 yilgacha davom etadi. Har bir oʻsimlik uchun taxminan 0,5 kg hosil beradi<ref name=":22" />.

== Galereya ==
<gallery>
Fayl:Ripe-manzanos.jpg|Pishgan "Manzano" qalampir o'simligi
Fayl:Cap1033-botao1.jpg|Bu turga o'z nomini beradigan xarakterli ko'p [[Trichome|trichomali]] ''Rukutu'' gul kurtaklari
Fayl:Capsicum pubescens flower.jpg|''Rukutu'' guli: markazida oq dog'lar bilan binafsha gul toji
Fayl:Bag of frozen rocoto.jpg|Kaliforniya bozorida sotiladigan muzlatilgan ''rukutu.''
Fayl:Capsicum pubescens (Rocoto).JPG|Qora urug'li qizil Rokoto mevasi kesmasi
Fayl:Rocoto Pepper Plant.jpg|Rokoto o'simligi gullashdan oldin
</gallery>
== Manbalar ==
{{manbalar}}
[[Turkum:Qalampir]]
[[Turkum:Chili qalampiri]]