Feminizm sahifasining manbasini koʻrish

{{feminizm}}
'''Feminizm -''' bu [[jins]]lar oʻrtasida siyosiy, iqtisodiy, shaxsiy va ijtimoiy [[Gender tengligi|tenglik]]ni tashkil etishga qaratilgan ijtimoiy-siyosiy harakatlar va [[mafkura]]lar tizimidir<ref name="Brunell & Burkett">{{veb manbasi |last1=Brunell |first1=Laura |last2=Burkett |first2=Elinor |title=Feminism |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/feminism |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=21 May 2019}}</ref><ref name="Lengermann & Niebrugge">{{kitob manbasi |last1=Lengermann |first1=Patricia |last2=Niebrugge |first2=Gillian |editor1-last=Ritzer |editor1-first=G. |editor2-last=Ryan |editor2-first=J.M. |title=The Concise Encyclopedia of Sociology |date=2010 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-1-40-518353-6 |page=223 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dz4wU64f_JYC&q=feminism+%22principle+that+women+are+human+beings+equal+to+men%22 |chapter=Feminism}}</ref><ref name=Mendus>{{kitob manbasi |last1=Mendus |first=Susan |author-link=Susan Mendus |editor1-last=Honderich |editor1-first=Ted |editor1-link=Ted Honderich |title=The Oxford Companion to Philosophy |date=2005 |orig-year=1995 |publisher=Oxford University Press|pages=[https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont0000unse_f5n3/page/290 291]–294 |chapter=Feminism |edition=2nd|isbn=978-0-19-926479-7 |title-link=The Oxford Companion to Philosophy }}</ref><ref name="Hawkesworth">{{kitob manbasi |last=Hawkesworth | first=Mary E.|title=Globalization and Feminist Activism |url=https://archive.org/details/globalizationfem0000hawk |year=2006|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |pages=[https://archive.org/details/globalizationfem0000hawk/page/25 25]–27 |isbn=978-0-7425-3783-5}}</ref><ref name="Beasley">{{kitob manbasi |last=Beasley |first=Chris |author-link1=Chris Beasley (Australian gender studies researcher) |title=What is Feminism? |url=https://archive.org/details/whatisfeminismin0000beas |year=1999|publisher=Sage |location=New York |pages=[https://archive.org/details/whatisfeminismin0000beas/page/3 3]–11 |isbn=978-0-7619-6335-6}}</ref>. Feminizm jamiyatlar erkaklar nuqtai nazarini ustun koʻrishi, ayollarga esa adolatsiz munosabatda boʻlishi gʻoyasini oʻz ichiga oladi. Ushbu holatni oʻzgartirish uchun feminizm gender steoreotiplariga qarshi kurashish, ayollarga xuddi erkaklar uchun mavjud boʻlgan taʼlim va mehnat imkoniyatlarini yaratishga harakat qiladi.

[[Fayl:Woman-power emblem.svg|thumb|252x252px|Feminizm harakatining ramzi]]

Feministik harakatlar [[xotin-qizlar huquqlari]], shu jumladan ovoz berish, davlat lavozimlarini egallash, mehnat qilish, adolatli ish haqi olish va maoshdagi gender tafovutini bartaraf etish, mulkka egalik qilish, taʼlim olish, nikohda teng huquqqa ega boʻlish va onalik taʼtiliga ega boʻlish uchun harakat qiladilar<ref name="Echols">{{kitob manbasi |last=Echols |first=Alice |author-link=Alice Echols |title=Daring to Be Bad: Radical Feminism in America, 1967–1975 |year=1989 |publisher=University of Minnesota Press |location=Minneapolis |isbn=978-0-8166-1787-6 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/daringtobebadrad0000echo }}</ref>.

Feministik harakatlar dunyoda ayollar huquqi borasida eng katta ijtimoiy oʻzgarishlar qilgan omildir. Gʻarb mamlakatlarida hozir eng bazaviy huquq hisoblangan ayollarning saylash va saylanish huquqi, reproduktiv huquq (homiladorlikni oldini olish va abort), bitimlar tuzish va mulkka egalik qilish, ingliz tilida soʻzlarning gender neytralligini<ref name="Messer-Davidow">{{kitob manbasi |author-link=Messer-Davidow, Ellen |title=Disciplining Feminism: From Social Activism to Academic Discourse |url=https://archive.org/details/discipliningfemi0000mess |url-access=https://archive.org/details/discipliningfemi0000mess |year=2002 |publisher=[[Duke University Press]] |isbn=0-8223-2843-7}}</ref> taʼminlashga feminizm sababchi hisoblanadi.

== Terminologiya ==
[[Mary Wollstonecraft]] 1792-yilda nashr etilgan „''A Vindication of the Rights of Woman'' (Ayollar huquqlarini himoya qilish)“ nomli asari tufayli koʻpchilik tomonidan feminizm asoschisi sifatida eʼtirof etiladi. Ushbu kitobda u sinf va xususiy mulk ayollarga nisbatan kamsitishning asosi ekanligini hamda ayollar xuddi erkaklar kabi teng huquqlarga ehtiyoj sezishini asoslab bergan<ref>M Wollstoncraft, ''[[A Vindication of the Rights of Woman]]'' (1792) [[wikisource:A_Vindication_of_the_Rights_of_Woman/Chapter_IX|ch VII]], „From the respect paid to property flow, as from a poisoned fountain, most of the evils and vices which render this world such a dreary scene to the contemplative mind.“ {{Kitob manbasi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ue0dAAAAQBAJ |isbn=978-1-136-75303-9 |title=Mary Wollstonecraft, Pedagogy, and the Practice of Feminism |date=18 July 2013 |publisher=Routledge}}</ref><ref>{{Kitob manbasi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YGSV8ihuJfcC |isbn=978-0-06-186600-5 |title=Vindication: A Life of Mary Wollstonecraft |date=17 March 2009 |publisher=Harper Collins}}</ref><ref>{{Veb manbasi |url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/womens-blog/2015/oct/05/original-suffragette-mary-wollstonecraft |title=The Original Suffragette: The Extraordinary Mary Wollstonecraft |website=[[TheGuardian.com]] |date=5 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Veb manbasi |url=https://institute-genderequality.org/news-publications/feminism/feminism-18th-century-and-beyond/ |title=Feminism in the 18th century and beyond}}</ref>.

Tadqiqotchilarning fikricha „feminizm“ atamasini 1837-yilda fransuz faylasufi va [[Utopiya sotsializmi|utopiya sotsialisti]] [[Charles Fourier]] kiritgan<ref>{{jurnal manbasi |last=Goldstein |first=Leslie F. |date=1982 |title=Early Feminist Themes in French Utopian Socialism: The St.-Simonians And Fourier |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-the-history-of-ideas_january-march-1982_43_1/page/91 |journal=[[Journal of the History of Ideas]] |volume=43 |issue=1 |pages=91–108 |doi=10.2307/2709162 |jstor=2709162}}</ref>. Lekin uning asarlarida bu soʻz uchramaydi<ref>{{Veb manbasi |date=2 September 1997 |orig-date= |title=Féminisme : Appelation D'origine - Vacarme |url=https://vacarme.org/article1154.html |access-date=7 August 2024 |website=vacarme.org |language=French}}</ref>. „Feminizm“ va „feminist“ soʻzlari Fransiya va Gollandiyada 1872-yilda, Buyuk Britaniyada 1890-yillarda va AQSHda 1910-yilda paydo boʻlishni boshlagan. Ingliz tilining Oksford lugʻati „feminist“ soʻzi 1852-yildan, „feminism“ soʻzi esa 1895-yildan ishlatilishni boshlagan deb koʻrsatadi.

„Féminisme“ („feminizm“) atamasi ilk bor 1871-yilda Fransiyada, Ferdinand-Valère Faneau de la Cour tomonidan yozilgan tibbiyot dissertatsiyasida qoʻllanilgan. Unda, muallifning fikriga koʻra, tuberkulyozdan aziyat chekkan va ayollik xususiyatlarini rivojlantirgan erkaklar haqida gapirilgan<ref name=":0">{{Jurnal manbasi|last=Fayolle|first=Caroline|date=17 June 2018|title=Des Corps "Monstres". Historique Du Stigmate Féministe|url=http://journals.openedition.org/glad/1034|journal=GLAD!|issue=4|doi=10.4000/glad.1034|issn=2551-0819|doi-access=free}}</ref>. Tibbiyotda qoʻllanilishidan ilhomlangan „féministe“ („feminist“) soʻzi 1872-yilda Aleksandr Dyuma tomonidan yozilgan inshoda ayollar huquqlarini qoʻllab-quvvatlagan erkaklarga nisbatan ishlatilgan. Har ikkala holatda ham bu soʻz juda salbiy maʼnoda qoʻllanilib, jamiyatning jinsiy taqsimotiga boʻysunishni rad etgan va jinslar oʻrtasidagi tengsizlikka qarshi chiqqan ayollar tomonidan keltirib chiqarilgan, „jinslarning aralashuvi“ deb ataluvchi hodisani tanqid qilishni ifodalagan<ref name=":0" />.

Tarixiy davr, madaniyat va mamlakatga qarab, dunyo boʻylab feministlarning sabablari va maqsadlari turlicha boʻlgan. Gʻarb feminist tarixchilarining aksariyati, ayollar huquqlarini himoya qilish uchun harakat qiluvchi barcha harakatlar, feministik harakatlar sifatida qaralishi kerak, deb hisoblaganlar. Lekin oʻzlarini bu atama bilan atashni yoqtirishmagan<ref name="spender">{{kitob manbasi |last=Spender |first=Dale |title=There's Always Been a Women's Movement This Century |url=https://archive.org/details/theresalwaysbeen00spenrich |url-access=registration |publisher=Pandora Press |location=London |date=1983 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/theresalwaysbeen00spenrich/page/n98 1]–200 |isbn=978-0-86358-002-4}}</ref><ref>{{kitob manbasi |last=Lerner |first=Gerda |title=The Creation of Feminist Consciousness From the Middle Ages to Eighteen-Seventy |url=https://archive.org/details/creationoffemini00gerd |url-access=registration |publisher=Oxford University Press |date=1993 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/creationoffemini00gerd/page/n12 1]–20}}</ref><ref name="walters">{{kitob manbasi |last=Walters |first=Margaret |title=Feminism: A Very Short Introduction |publisher=Oxford University Press |date=2005 |isbn=978-0-19-280510-2 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/feminismveryshor00walt/page/1 1–176] |url=https://archive.org/details/feminismveryshor00walt/page/1}}</ref><ref name="kinnaird">{{kitob manbasi |last1=Kinnaird |first1=Joan |first2=Mary |last2=Astell |chapter=Inspired by ideas (1668–1731) |editor1-last=Spender |editor1-first=Dale |title=There's Always Been a Women's Movement |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/theresalwaysbeen00spenrich |chapter-url-access=registration |publisher=Pandora Press |location=London |date=1983 |pages=29– |isbn=978-0-86358-002-4}}</ref><ref>{{veb manbasi |url=http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/feminism-femhist/index.html |last=Witt |first=Charlotte |title=Feminist History of Philosophy |website=[[Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy]] |date=2006 |access-date=23 January 2012}}</ref><ref name="taylor">{{jurnal manbasi|first1=Ann Taylor|last1=Allen|date=1999|title=Feminism, Social Science, And the Meanings of Modernity: The Debate on the Origin of the Family in Europe and the United States, 1860–1914|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-historical-review_1999-10_104_4/page/n19|journal=[[The American Historical Review]]|volume=104|issue=4|pages=1085–113|jstor=2649562|pmid=19291893|doi=10.1086/ahr/104.4.1085}}</ref>. Boshqa tarixchilar bu atamani faqat zamonaviy feminizm harakati va uning davomchilari bilan chegaralash kerakligini taʼkidlaydilar. Ular ilgarigi harakatlarni tasvirlash uchun „protofeminist“ atamasini ishlatadilar<ref name="botting-houser">{{jurnal manbasi|first1=Eileen Hunt|last1=Botting|first2=Sarah L.|last2=Houser|date=2006|title='Drawing the Line of Equality': Hannah Mather Crocker on Women's Rights|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-political-science-review_2006-05_100_2/page/264|journal=[[American Political Science Review]]|volume=100|issue=2|pages=265–78|jstor=27644349|doi=10.1017/S0003055406062150|s2cid=144730126}}</ref>.
<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px">
File:Zetkin luxemburg1910.jpg|[[Clara Zetkin]] (chapda) [[Rosa Luxemburg]] (oʻngda) bilan, 1910-yil yanvar. Zetkin [[Xalqaro xotin-qizlar kuni]] tashabbusi bilan chiqqan.
File:Feminist Suffrage Parade in New York City, 1912.jpeg|Feminist sufrajistlar paradi New York shahri, 1912-yil
File:Articles_by_and_photo_of_Charlotte_Perkins_Gilman_in_1916.jpg|[[Charlotte Perkins Gilman]]ning „Atlanta Constitution“ gazetasidagi feminizm haqidagi maqolasi, 10-dekabr 1916-yil.
File:Emmeline Pankhurst addresses crowd.jpg|1913-yilda Nyu-York shahridagi uyini sotgandan soʻng, [[Emmeline Pankhurst]] doimiy ravishda sayohat qilib, Britaniya va Amerika Qoʻshma Shtatlar boʻylab sayohat qilib, nutq soʻzlagan.
File:Wilhelmina Drucker IMG0020.tif|Gollandiyada [[Wilhelmina Drucker]] (1847-1925) oʻzi asos solgan tashkilotlar orqali ayollarning ovoz berish va teng huquqliligi uchun kurashgan.
File:Louise Weiss.jpg|[[Louise Weiss]] boshqa Parij [[sufrajist ayol]]lar bilan birga, 1935-yil. Gazetaning sarlavhasida „Fransuz ayoli ovoz berishi kerak“ deb yozilgan.
</gallery>
== Tarixi ==
{{Asosiy|Feminizm tarixi}}

=== Davrlar ===
Gʻarb mamlakatlarida feminizm harakati tarixi toʻrt „toʻlqin“ga boʻlinadi.
# Feminizmning [[Feminizmning birinchi to‘lqini|birinchi toʻlqini]] asosan XIX va XX asr boshlaridagi sufrajetlar harakatini oʻz ichiga oladi, uning asosiy maqsadi bu [[ayollarning saylov huquqi]] va turmush qurgan ayollarning mulkka egalik qilish huquqi boʻlgan.
# Feminizmning [[Feminizmning ikkinchi to’lqini|ikkinchi toʻlqini]] sifatida 1960-yillarda boshlangan ayollarning ozodlik harakati tushuniladi. Bu harakat ayol va erkaklarning toʻliq huquqiy va ijtimoiy tengligini targʻib qiladi.
# [[Feminizmning uchinchi to’lqini|Uchinchi toʻlqin]] ikkinchi toʻlqinning davomi boʻlib, uning qator muvaffaqiyatsizlariga nisbatan munosabatdir. Uchinchi toʻlqinning paydo boʻlishi 1990-yillarga toʻgʻri keladi<ref name="Krolokke, Charlotte; Anne Scott Sorensen">{{kitob manbasi|author=Charlotte Krolokke, Anne Scott Sorensen|title=Gender Communication Theories and Analyses: From Silence to Performance|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IEhqiWR1Rt0C|year=2006|publisher=SAGE|isbn=978-0-7619-2918-5|chapter=Chapter 1.  Three Waves of Feminism: From Suffragettes to Grrls|lang=en}}</ref> va feministlar orasidagi „jinsiy bahslar“ bilan bogʻliq. Ushbu bahs va feminizmning [[antipornografik feminizm]] va [[jinsiy-ijobiy feminizm]]ga boʻlinishi ikkinchi toʻlqinning oxiri va uchinchi toʻlqinning boshlanishi deya hisoblanadi.
# [[Feminizmning to’rtinchi to’lqini|Toʻrtinchi toʻlqin]] taxminan 2013-yildan boshlangan bosqichdir<ref name="4thWave">{{Veb manbasi |lang=en |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/10/fourth-wave-feminism-rebel-women |title=The Fourth Wave of Feminism: Meet the Rebel Women |first=Kira |last=Cochrane |date=2013-12-10 |publisher=The Guardian |access-date=2020-05-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314123922/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/10/fourth-wave-feminism-rebel-women |archive-date=2016-03-14}}</ref>. Bu toʻlqin ayollarning huquq va imkoniyatlarini kengaytirish, internetdagi faollik va marginallashtirilgan ijtimoiy guruhlar, xususan „rangli“ va trans-ayollarni himoya qilish bilan tavsiflanadi<ref name="PSA">{{Jurnal manbasi|last=Munro|first=Ealasaid|date=2013-07|title=Feminism: A Fourth Wave?|journal=Political Insight|volume=4|issue=2|pages=22—25|doi=10.1111/2041-9066.12021|lang=en |issn=2041-9058 }} {{Veb manbasi |lang=en |url=https://www.psa.ac.uk/insight-plus/feminism-fourth-wave |title=Feminism: A Fourth Wave? |first=Ealasaid |last=Munro |website=The Political Studies Association |date=2013-07-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181202070519/https://www.psa.ac.uk/insight-plus/feminism-fourth-wave |archive-date=2018-02-02 |access-date=2018-01-01 }} / {{Veb manbasi|title=Feminism: A fourth wave? {{!}} The Political Studies Association (PSA)|url=https://www.psa.ac.uk/psa/news/feminism-fourth-wave|access-date=2020-06-27|website=Feminism: A fourth wave? {{!}} The Political Studies Association (PSA)|lang=en|archive-date=2019-12-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191210124315/https://www.psa.ac.uk/psa/news/feminism-fourth-wave|deadlink=no}}</ref><ref>{{Jurnal manbasi |last=Diamond |first=Diana |year=2009 |title=The Fourth Wave of Feminism: Psychoanalytic Perspectives |journal=Studies in Gender and Sexuality |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=213—223 |doi=10.1080/15240650903228187 |issn=1940-9206 |lang=en}}</ref><ref>{{kitob manbasi|last=Cochrane|first=Kira|author-link=Kira Cochrane|year=2013|title=All the Rebel Women: The Rise of the Fourth Wave of Feminism|location=London|publisher=Guardian Books|isbn=978-1-78356-036-3|lang=en}}</ref>.

=== <nowiki>XIX</nowiki> asr va <nowiki>XX</nowiki> asr boshi ===
{{Asosiy|Feminizmning birinchi to‘lqini}}
Feminizmning birinchi toʻlqini XIX asr va XX asr boshlarida faol harakat davri sifatida namoyon boʻldi. [[Buyuk Britaniya]] va [[AQSh]]da bu harakat ayollar uchun teng shartnoma tuzish, nikoh, ota-onalik va mulk huquqlarini targʻib qilishga qaratilgandi. Yangi qonunchilik orasida Buyuk Britaniyada 1839-yilda qabul qilingan „Bolalarni himoya qilish toʻgʻrisida“gi qonun bor edi. Bu qonun bolalarni tarbiyalashda „nozik yillar“ tamoyilini joriy etdi va ayollarga birinchi marta oʻz farzandlarini qonuniy himoya qilish huquqini berdi<ref>{{kitob manbasi |last=Wroath |first=John |title=Until They Are Seven, The Origins of Women's Legal Rights |date=1998 |publisher=Waterside Press |isbn=978-1-872870-57-1 |url=https://archive.org/details/untiltheyareseve00wroa}}</ref><ref>{{kitob manbasi |last=Mitchell |first=L. G. |title=Lord Melbourne, 1779–1848 |url=https://archive.org/details/lordmelbourne1770000mitc |date=1997 |publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref><ref>{{kitob manbasi |last=Perkins |first=Jane Gray |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_FJBpAAAAMAAJ |title=The Life of the Honourable Mrs. Norton |date=1909 |publisher=John Murray}}</ref>. Boshqa qonunlar, jumladan Buyuk Britaniyada 1870-yilda qabul qilingan va 1882-yilda kengaytirilgan „Turmush qurgan ayollar mulki toʻgʻrisida“gi qonun<ref name="MWPA1882">{{veb manbasi |url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/Vict/45-46/75/introduction |title=Married Women's Property Act 1882 |date=1882 |publisher=UK Government |website=legislation.gov.uk |access-date=17 April 2017}}</ref> boshqa Britaniya hududlaridagi shunga oʻxshash qonunchilikka asos boʻldi. Viktoriya 1884-yilda, Yangi Janubiy Uels esa 1889-yilda bu qonunni qabul qildi. Qolgan Avstraliya mustamlakalari 1890–1897-yillar oraligʻida xuddi shunday qonunlarni joriy etgan. XIX asr oxiri va XX asr boshlarida faoliyat asosan siyosiy hokimiyatni, xususan ayollarning saylov huquqini qoʻlga kiritishga qaratilgan boʻlsa-da, baʼzi feministlar ayollarning jinsiy, reproduktiv va iqtisodiy huquqlari uchun ham faol kurash olib bordilar<ref name="NoTurningBack464">{{kitob manbasi |author=Freedman, Estelle B. |title=No Turning Back: The History of Feminism and the Future of Women |date=2003 |publisher=Ballantine Books |isbn=978-0-345-45053-1 |page=[https://archive.org/details/noturningbackhis00free/page/464 464] |url=https://archive.org/details/noturningbackhis00free/page/464}}</ref>.

Ayollarning saylov huquqi (ovoz berish va parlament aʼzoligiga saylanish huquqi) Britaniyaning [[Avstralosiyo]] mustamlakalarida XIX asr oxirida paydo boʻldi. Oʻzini oʻzi boshqaruvchi Yangi Zelandiya mustamlakasi 1893-yilda ayollarga ovoz berish huquqini berdi. Janubiy Avstraliya esa 1894-yilda „Konstitutsiyaga oʻzgartirish (Kattalar saylov huquqi) toʻgʻrisidagi qonun“ni qabul qilib, bu faoliyatni qonuniylashtirdi. Shundan soʻng, 1902-yilda Avstraliyada ham ayollarga saylov huquqini taqdim etildi<ref>{{veb manbasi |url=http://www.elections.org.nz/votes-women |title=Votes for Women Electoral Commission |publisher=Elections New Zealand |date=13 April 2005 |access-date=31 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130914135838/http://www.elections.org.nz/votes-women |archive-date=14 September 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{veb manbasi |url=http://www.aec.gov.au/Elections/Australian_Electoral_History/wright.htm |title=Women and the Right to Vote in Australia |publisher=Australian Electoral Commission |date=28 January 2011 |access-date=26 April 2013}}</ref>.
==Yana qarang==
* [[Oʻzbekistonda feminizmning tarixiy ildizlari]]

== Manbalar ==
{{manbalar}}

== Havolalar ==
{{commons turkum}}
* [http://www.britishpathe.com/record.php?id=78523 ''Early Video on the Emancipation of Women''] {{Webarxiv|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111125151820/http://www.britishpathe.com/record.php?id=78523 |date=2011-11-25 }} hujjatli filmi (1930) {{ref-en}}
* [http://scriptorium.lib.duke.edu/wlm/ Documents from the Womenʼs Liberation Movement] {{Webarxiv|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111010135158/http://scriptorium.lib.duke.edu/wlm/ |date=2011-10-10 }}, Maxsus kolleksiyalar kutubxonasi, Duke universiteti {{ref-en}}
* [https://heritagecalling.com/2018/03/08/a-history-of-feminism-through-5-finds/ Feminizm tarixi] ''Heritage Calling'' saytida {{ref-en}}

{{chala}}
{{Tashqi havolalar}}

[[Turkum:Feminizm]]
[[Turkum:Ayol]]