Fil yili sahifasining manbasini koʻrish

Om al-fil ({{lang-ar|عام الفيل}}  '''ʿạm'''  , '''''Fil yili''''') – [[Islom tarixi|islom tarixida]] taxminan [[Bizning era|milodiy]] 570-571-yillarga to'g'ri keladigan yil nomi. [[Islom]] manbalariga ko'ra, [[Muhammad]](s.a.v) aynan shu yili tug'ilgan<ref name="Hajjah">Hajjah Adil, Amina, "''Prophet Muhammad''", ISCA, Jun 1, 2002, {{ISBN|1-930409-11-7}}</ref>. Bu nom [[Makka|Makkada]] sodir boʻlgan voqeadan olingan: Habash, Aksumning nasroniy hukmdori Abraha [[Makka|Makkadagi]] [[Kaʼba|Ka'baga]] katta qo'shin bilan yurish qildi, ular orasida jangovar fillar ham bor va uni buzish niyatida edi. Biroq, "Mahmud" nomi bilan mashhur boʻlgan fil  ({{lang-ar|مَـحْـمُـوْد}}  , undosh harflar: m-ħ-mwd)<ref>{{Veb manbasi|sarlavha=Tafsir of Surah al Fil - The Elephant (Surah 105)|url=http://islaam.net/main/display.php?id=1480&category=176|ish=Translated by Abū Rumaysah|nashriyot=Islamic Network|kirish sanasi=15 March 2013|muallif=ʿAbdu r-Rahmān ibn Nāsir as-Saʿdī|muallifhavola=Abd ar-Rahman ibn Nasir as-Sa'di|iqtibos=This elephant was called Mahmud and it was sent to Abrahah from [[Negus|Najashi]], the king of Abyssinia, particularly for this expedition.|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101220090653/http://islaam.net/main/display.php?id=1480&category=176|arxivsana=20 December 2010}}</ref>, [[Makka]] atrofidagi chegarada toʻxtab, kirishdan bosh tortgani aytiladi. Makkaning bunday muvaffaqiyatsiz bosqiniga [[chechak]] yoki Yustinian vabosi sabab boʻlgan [[epidemiya]] sabab bo'lishi mumkin, degan nazariya mavjud<ref>{{jurnal manbasi|last=[[John S. Marr|Marr JS]], Hubbard E, Cathey, JT|date=2015|title=The Year of the Elephant|url=https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/The_Year_of_the_Elephant|journal=WikiJournal of Medicine|volume=2|issue=1|doi=10.15347/wjm/2015.003|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150526193449/https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/The_Year_of_the_Elephant|archivedate=2015-05-26}}<br /><br />In turn citing: {{Kitob manbasi|last=Willan R.|title=Miscellaneous works: comprising An inquiry into the antiquity of the small-pox, measles, and scarlet fever, now first published; Reports on the diseases in London, a new ed.; and detached papers on medical subjects, collected from various periodical publi|publisher=Cadell|date=1821|pages=488|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TXEFAAAAQAAJ}}</ref>. Yil ''Fil yili'' deb nomlana boshladi, bu yil [[Arabiston yarim oroli|Arabiston yarim orolida]] yillarni hisoblash odatini boshladi. Bu hisob [[Umar ibn Xattob|Umar]] (r.a.) davrida [[Islomiy taqvim|islom taqvimi]] bilan almashtirilgunga qadar ishlatilgan.

Janubiy Arabistondagi arxeologik topilmalar shuni ko'rsatadiki, Fil yili 569 yoki 568-yil boʻlgan bo'lishi mumkin, chunki [[Sosoniylar davlati|Sosoniylar imperiyasi]] Yamanda 570-yillarda Aksumitlarga qarashli hukmdorlarni ag'darib tashlagan edi<ref name="Watt">William Montgomery Watt (1961). [[iarchive:in.gov.ignca.29762|''Muhammad: Prophet and Statesman'']], Oxford: Oxford University Press, p.&nbsp;7.</ref><ref>{{Veb manbasi|url=https://www.spiegel.de/international/world/buried-christian-empire-in-yemen-casts-new-light-on-early-islam-a-874048.html|sarlavha=Buried Christian Empire in Yemen Casts New Light on Early Islam}}</ref>.

== Voqealar ==
[[Ibn Isʼhoq|Ibn Ishoq]] kabi ilk islom tarixchilariga ko'ra, Najoshiy Abraha o'zining ittifoqchisi sharafiga Sanada ''al-'' [[Sano|Qullays]] deb nomlanuvchi buyuk [[cherkov]] [[wiktionary:εκκλησία|qurdirgan]].

Al-Qulays keng miqyosda shuhrat qozondi, hatto [[Vizantiya imperiyasi|Vizantiya imperiyasining]] e'tiborini qozondi<ref name="Hajjah"/><ref name="Hajjah" />.

Gʻazablangan Abraha ''Mahmud'' ismli oq fil<ref>{{Kitob manbasi|last=Kistler|first=John M. ; foreword by Richard Lair|title=War elephants|year=2007|publisher=University of Nebraska Press|location=Lincoln|isbn=978-0803260047|page=177|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=-5RHK4Ol15QC&pg=PA177|chapter=The Year of The Elephant|quote=The lead elephant, named [[White elephant|'''Mahmud''']], stopped and knelt down, refusing to go further.}}</ref> boshchiligida oltmish ming kishidan iborat qo'shin Makkadagi Ka'bani vayron qilish uchun qarshi yurish boshladi (va ehtimol boshqa fillar bilan birga – ba’zi ma’lumotlarga koʻra, bir nechta fillar, hattoki sakkiztagacha fil boʻlgan<ref name="Hajjah"></ref>. Yoʻlda bir qancha arab qabilalari u bilan jang qilmoqchi boʻldilar, ammo magʻlubiyatga uchradilar.

Abraha qoʻshinining oldinga siljishi xabari kelganda Qurayshning arab qabilalari, Banu Kinana, Banu Xuza va Banu Huzayl Ka’bani himoya qilish uchun birlashdilar. Abraha faqat Ka'bani buzib tashlashni xohlaydi, agar qarshilik qilsalar, eziladilar, deb nasihat qilish uchun [[Himʼyariylar podsholigi|Himyar podshohligidan]] bir kishi yuborilgan. Abdulmuttalib makkaliklarga tepaliklardan panoh topishlarini buyurdi, u esa Qurayshning bir necha yetakchilari bilan Ka'ba atrofiada qolib ketdi. Abraha xabar yuborib, Abdulmuttalibni Abraha bilan uchrashib, masalalarni muhokama qilishga taklif qildi. Abdulmuttalib uchrashuvdan chiqib ketgach, uning: "Bu Baytning egasi uning Himoyachisidir va ishonchim komilki, U uni dushmanlar hujumidan qutqaradi va o'z uyining bandalarini sharmanda qilmaydi", degani eshitildi.

[[Qurʼon|Qur'ondagi qissaga]] ishora juda qisqa. “ [[Fil surasi|Al-Fil]] ” [[Sura|surasida]] , ertasi kuni [ Abroha shaharga kirishga hozirlanayotganda] “ Abil ” ({{lang-ar|أَبـابـيـل}}) paydo bo'ldi. Qushlar tumshug'ida [[Lava|mayda toshlarni]] ko'tarib, Efiopiya qo'shinlarini yo'q qilishdi va ularni "yegan somon" kabi sindirishdi. Ammo Muhammad Asadning soʻzlariga koʻra, bu surada tom maʼnoda mayda toshlarni koʻtarib yuruvchi qushlar tasvirlanmagan, balki u [[Az-Zamaxshariy]] va [[Faxriddin Roziy|Faxriddin ar-Roziyga]] ishora qilib, yuqoridagi oyatlarni shunday tarjima qilgan:
{| class="wikitable"
|(2) Shunday qilib, U zot ularning ustiga katta to'da uchuvchi jonzotlarni yubordi (3) ular ularni oldindan belgilab qo'yilgan toshdek qattiq azoblar bilan urdi<ref>{{Kitob manbasi|title=The Message 8f The Quran, by Mohammad Asad, Surah 105:2-3}}</ref>
|}
Muhammad Asadning fikricha, bu oyatda qoʻllangan soʻzlar, yaʼni “sijjil toshlari” “yozuv va tropik jihatdan [Xudo tomonidan] belgilab qoʻyilgan narsani” bildiradi.<ref>{{Kitob manbasi|title=Ibid M. Asad, Commentary on Surah 102, see note 2|quote=Lit., "with stones of sijjil". As explained in note [114] on 11:82, this latter term is synonymous with ''[[sijill]]'', which signifies "a writing" and, tropically, "something that has been decreed [by God]": hence, the phrase hijarah min sijjil is a metaphor for "stone-hard blows of chastisement pre-ordained", i.e., in God's decree (Zamakhshari and Razi, with analogous comments on the same expression in 11:82).}}</ref> Yana u [[Alloh]] taoloning bu farmoni juda toʻsatdan paydo boʻlgan epidemiya boʻlib, Ibn Ishoqning fikricha, isitma  va chechak  sabab boʻlganini tushuntiradi. Bu, Asadning xulosasiga ko'ra, "hasbah" isitma so'zi birinchi navbatda "tosh otish [yoki urish]" degan ma'noni anglatishi sababli "oldindan belgilab qo'yilgan tosh qattiq jazo" juda to'satdan xavfli epidemiya boʻlganiga ishora qiladi. Fayruzobodiyning mashhur arab lug'ati ''al-Qamous'' (ạlqạmus)da<ref>{{Kitob manbasi|title=Ibid|quote=As already mentioned in the introductory note, the particular chastisement to which the above verse alludes seems to have been a sudden epidemic of extreme virulence: according to Waqidi and Muhammad ibn Ishaq - the latter as quoted by Ibn Hisham and Ibn Kathir - "this was the first time that spotted fever (hasbah) and smallpox (judari) appeared in the land of the Arabs". It is interesting to note that the word hasbah - which, according to some authorities, signifies also typhus - primarily means "pelting [or smiting"] with stones" (Qamus)}}</ref><ref>{{Kitob manbasi|title=Al-Qamus Al-Muhit by Muḥammad Ibn-Jaʻqūb al- Fīrūzābādī}}</ref>. Ta’ir soʻzi har qanday “uchar jonzot, xoh qush, xoh hasharot (Toj al-’Arus)”ni anglatishi mumkin<ref>{{Kitob manbasi|title=Ibid|quote=As regards the noun ta'ir (of which tayr is the plural), we ought to remember that it denotes any "flying creature", whether bird or insect (Taj al-'Arus). Neither the Qur'an nor any authentic Tradition offers us any evidence as to the nature of the "flying creatures" mentioned in the above verse; and since, on the other hand, all the "descriptions" indulged in by the commentators are purely imaginary, they need not be seriously considered. If the hypothesis of an epidemic is correct, the "flying creatures" - whether birds or insects - may well have been the carriers of the infection. One thing, however, is clear: whatever the nature of the doom that overtook the invading force, it was certainly miraculous in the true sense of this word - namely, in the sudden, totally unexpected rescue which it brought to the distressed people of Mecca.}}</ref>.

== Boshqa manbalar ==
Bu voqea Qur’oni karimning “ ''[[Fil surasi|Al-Fil]]'' ” [[Sura|surasi]], 105- oyat ({{lang-ar|الـفِـيـل}}  , "Fil") va unga tegishli [[Tafsir|tafsirda]] muhokama qilinadi.

Ba'zi olimlar fil yilini milodiy 570-yildan bir yoki ikki o'n yil oldin<ref>{{Kitob manbasi|page=[https://archive.org/details/oxfordencycloped03espo_0/page/154 154]|title=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern Islamic World: Libe-Sare|last=Esposito|first=John L.|authorlink=John L. Esposito|year=1995|isbn=978-0195096149|publisher=Oxford University Press|url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordencycloped03espo_0}}</ref> deb belgilashgan, bu an'anaga ko'ra Ibn Shihob az-Zuhriy Abdurrazzoq as-San'oniy asarlarida tug'ilishdan oldin qo'yilgan<ref>{{Kitob manbasi|pages=3–5|title=The Expeditions: An Early Biography of Muhammad|publisher=NYU Press|last=ibn Rashid|first=Mamar|isbn=978-0814769638|date=16-may 2014-yil}}</ref>.

== Yana qarang ==

* [[Urush fili]]
* [[:en:Cultural_depictions_of_elephants|Fillarning madaniy tasvirlari]]

== Manbalar ==
{{manbalar}}

== Havolalar ==

* [http://www.islamic-awareness.org/Quran/Sources/BBdefense.html Islamic-Awareness.org sahifasi voqeani muhokama qilmoqda]
[[Turkum:Islom dini tarixi]]
[[Turkum:Muhammadning hayoti]]
[[Turkum:Shialarni xotirlash kunlari]]
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