Linux: Versiyalar orasidagi farq
Avtomatik translit va nom yoʻnaltirishi: Linux | Oʻzbekcha Vikipediyadan (UzWiki) 100% asl holatida import qilindi. | ||
# | {{OS bilgiqutisi | ||
| name = Linux | |||
| title = Linux | |||
| logo = Tux.svg | |||
| logo_size = 150px | |||
| logo caption = Linuxning maskoti bo'lgan Tux pingvini<ref name="LinuxOnLine2008">{{cite web | url = http://www.linux.org/info/logos.html | title = Linux Logos and Mascots |access-date=August 11, 2009 | last = Linux Online | year = 2008 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100815085106/http://www.linux.org/info/logos.html | archive-date = August 15, 2010 }}</ref> | |||
| logo_alt = Tux pingvini | |||
| developer = Hamjamiyat ishtirokchilari; <br /> [[Linus Torvalds]] | |||
| programmed in = [[C (dasturlash tili)|C]], [[Assembler|assembler tillari]] va boshqalar | |||
| family = [[Unix-like]] | |||
| working state = Ayni vaqtda | |||
| source model = [[Ochiq manbali dastur|Ochiq manbali]] | |||
| released = {{start date and age|1991|9|17}} | |||
| latest release version = <!-- The kernel version is displayed on the "Linux kernel" article; please don't insert it here, as this article covers Linux kernel + userland combos. --> | |||
| latest release date = | |||
| latest preview version = <!-- The kernel version is displayed on the "Linux kernel" article; please don't insert it here, as this article covers Linux kernel + userland combos. --> | |||
| latest preview date = | |||
| repo = | |||
| marketing target = [[Buutli hisoblash]], oʻrnatilgan tizimlar, asosiy kompyuterlar, [[mobil qurilma|mobil qurilmalar]], [[shaxsiy kompyuter|shaxsiy kompyuterlar]], [[server|serverlar]], [[superkompyuter]]lar | |||
| language = Koʻp tilli | |||
| updatemodel = | |||
| supported platforms = [[DEC Alpha|Alpha]], [[ARC (processor)|ARC]], [[ARM architecture|ARM]], [[M·CORE|C-Sky]], [[Qualcomm Hexagon|Hexagon]], [[IA-64]], [[Loongson|LoongArch]], [[m68k]], [[Microblaze]], [[MIPS architecture|MIPS]], [[Nios II]], [[OpenRISC]], [[PA-RISC]], [[PowerPC]], [[RISC-V]], [[ESA/390|s390]], [[SuperH]], [[SPARC]], [[x86]], [[Xtensa]] <!-- Please do not include 64-bit extensions of 32-bit ISAs, e.g. sparc64, ppc64, x86-64, etc. --> | |||
| kernel type = [[Monolitik yadro|Monolitik]] | |||
| userland = [[GNU]], [[BusyBox]] | |||
| license = [[GPLv2]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.kernel.org/category/faq.html |title=The Linux Kernel Archives: Frequently asked questions |website=kernel.org |date=September 2, 2014 |access-date=September 4, 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905100143/https://www.kernel.org/category/faq.html |archive-date=September 5, 2015}}</ref> | |||
| other_articles = [[Linux yadrosi]] <br /> [[Linux distribyutorlari]] | |||
}} | |||
'''Linux''' ([[Yordam:IPAc-en|lɪnʊks]] {{respell|LIN|uuks}})<ref name="pronunciation-2">{{yangiliklar manbasi |newsgroup= comp.os.linux | title = Re: How to pronounce ''Linux''? |message-id= 1992Apr23.123216.22024@klaava.Helsinki.FI | date = April 23, 1992 |access-date=January 9, 2007 | url=https://groups.google.com/d/msg/comp.os.linux/L_TTOib3_08/yOG2vLtsp1MJ}}</ref> Linux yadrosiga asoslangan ochiq kodli [[UNIX|Unixga]] oʻxshash [[Ishlatuv tizimi|operatsion tizimlar]] oilasi boʻlib<ref>{{Kitob manbasi|last=Eckert|first=Jason W.|year=2012|title=Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification|edition=Third|publisher=Cengage Learning|location=Boston, Massachusetts|page=33|isbn=978-1111541538|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EHLH4S78LmsC&pg=PA33|accessdate=April 14, 2013|quote=The shared commonality of the kernel is what defines a system's membership in the Linux family; the differing [[open-source software|OSS]] applications that can interact with the common kernel are what differentiate [[Linux distribution]]s.}}</ref>, [[operatsion tizim yadrosi]] birinchi marta 1991-yil 17 sentyabrda [[Linus Torvalds]] tomonidan chiqarilgan<ref>{{Veb manbasi|sarlavha=Twenty Years of Linux according to Linus Torvalds|url=http://www.zdnet.com/article/twenty-years-of-linux-according-to-linus-torvalds/|nashriyot=ZDNet|sana=April 13, 2011|kirish sanasi=September 19, 2016|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160919232940/http://www.zdnet.com/article/twenty-years-of-linux-according-to-linus-torvalds/|arxivsana=September 19, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Veb manbasi|sarlavha=What Is Linux: An Overview of the Linux Operating System|url=https://medium.com/@theinfovalley097/what-is-linux-an-overview-of-the-linux-operating-system-77bc7421c7e5?sk=b80b38575284317290c86e56001e43b1|nashriyot=Medium|kirish sanasi=December 21, 2019}}</ref>. Linux odatda Linux distribyutorlarida paketlanadi. | |||
Taʼminotlar Linux yadrosi va qoʻllab-quvvatlovchi tizim dasturlari va kutubxonalarni oʻz ichiga oladi, ularning koʻpchiligi GNU loyihasi tomonidan taqdim etiladi. Koʻpgina Linux distribyutorlari oʻz nomida „Linux“ soʻzidan foydalanadi, ammo Free Software Foundation [[GNU]] dasturiy taʼminotining ahamiyatini taʼkidlash uchun baʼzi tortishuvlarga sabab boʻluvchi „'''GNU/Linux'''“ nomidan foydalanadi<ref name="gnu_linux_faq">{{Veb manbasi|url=https://www.gnu.org/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.html|sarlavha=GNU/Linux FAQ|nashriyot=Gnu.org|kirish sanasi=September 1, 2013|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130907132420/http://www.gnu.org/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.html|arxivsana=September 7, 2013}}</ref><ref name="linux-and-gnu">{{Veb manbasi|url=https://www.gnu.org/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html|sarlavha=Linux and the GNU System|nashriyot=Gnu.org|kirish sanasi=September 1, 2013|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170319145123/http://www.gnu.org/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html|arxivsana=March 19, 2017}}</ref>. | |||
Linux, shuningdek, [[Operatsion tizim|oʻrnatilgan tizimlarda]], yaʼni operatsion tizimda odatda [[proshivka]] ichiga oʻrnatilgan va tizimga juda moslashtirilgan qurilmalarda ishlaydi. Bunga [[router|routerlar]], [[avtomatlashtirish|avtomat]] boshqaruvlari, [[aqlli uy texnologiyasi|aqlli uy qurilmalari]], [[Videooʻyin konsoli|video oʻyin konsollari]]<ref name="LinuxDevices">{{cite web |last=[[IBM]] |date=October 2001 |title=Linux Watch (WatchPad) |url=http://researcher.watson.ibm.com/researcher/view_group.php?id=6101 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150618153004/http://researcher.watson.ibm.com/researcher/view_group.php?id=6101 |archive-date=June 18, 2015 |access-date=June 18, 2015 |df=mdy-all}}</ref>, [[televizor]]lar (Samsung va LG [[Smart TV]]lar)<ref name="Linux Smart TVs">{{cite web | title = Linux continues advance in smart TV market | url = http://linuxgizmos.com/linux-continues-advance-in-smart-tv-market/ | website = linuxgizmos.com | author = Eric Brown | date = Mar 29, 2019 | access-date = May 15, 2020 | archive-date = June 29, 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200629105311/http://linuxgizmos.com/linux-continues-advance-in-smart-tv-market/ | url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = Sony Open Source Code Distribution Service | url = http://products.sel.sony.com/opensource/ | publisher = Sony Electronics | access-date = October 8, 2011 | url-status=dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111004171109/http://products.sel.sony.com/opensource/ | archive-date = October 4, 2011 | df = mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = Sharp Liquid Crystal Television Instruction Manual | url = http://files.sharpusa.com/Downloads/ForHome/HomeEntertainment/LCDTVs/Manuals/Archive/tel_man_LC32_37_42HT3U.pdf | publisher = Sharp Electronics | access-date = October 8, 2011 | page = 24 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120111111044/http://files.sharpusa.com/Downloads/ForHome/HomeEntertainment/LCDTVs/Manuals/Archive/tel_man_LC32_37_42HT3U.pdf | archive-date = January 11, 2012 | df = mdy-all }}</ref>, [[Avtomobil|avtomobillar]] (Tesla, Audi, Mercedes-Benz, Hyundai va Toyota)<ref name="Linux cars">{{cite web|title=It's a Linux-powered car world|url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/its-a-linux-powered-car-world/|website=ZDNet|author=Steven J. Vaughan-Nichols|date=January 4, 2019|access-date=May 15, 2020|archive-date=August 3, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803053324/https://www.zdnet.com/article/its-a-linux-powered-car-world/|url-status=live}}</ref> va [[kosmik kema]] ([[Falcon 9]] raketasi, [[SpaceX Dragon 2|Dragon]] ekipaj kapsulasi va [[Perseverance (rover)|''Perseverance'']] rover) kiradi<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.zdnet.com/google-amp/article/from-earth-to-orbit-with-linux-and-spacex/|title=From Earth to orbit with Linux and SpaceX | ZDNet|website=www.zdnet.com|access-date=June 6, 2020|archive-date=August 3, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803060356/https://www.zdnet.com/google-amp/article/from-earth-to-orbit-with-linux-and-spacex/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Linux on Mars! |url=https://www.itpro.com/software/linux/360542/linux-on-mars |access-date=2022-06-30 |website=IT PRO |language=en |archive-date=May 19, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220519145641/https://www.itpro.com/software/linux/360542/linux-on-mars |url-status=live }}</ref>. | |||
Linux bepul va ochiq manbali [[Dasturiy taʼminot|dasturiy ta'minot]] hamkorligining eng yorqin namunalaridan biridir. [[Manba kodi]] [[GNU General Public License]] (GPL) kabi tegishli litsenziyalari shartlariga muvofiq hamma tomonidan tijorat yoki notijorat maqsadlarda foydalanilishi, oʻzgartirilishi va tarqatilishi mumkin. Masalan, Linux yadrosi GPLv2 ostida litsenziyalangan, [[tizim qo'ng'irog'i|tizim qoʻgʻiroqlari]] bundan mustasno, bu yadroni tizim chaqiruvlari orqali amalga oshiradigan kodga GPL boʻyicha litsenziyalanishi mumkin emas<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/v4.18/process/license-rules.html|title=Linux kernel licensing rules|work=Linux kernel documentation|access-date=June 17, 2022|archive-date=September 6, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220906145357/https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/v4.18/process/license-rules.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{GitHub|https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/master/LICENSES/exceptions/Linux-syscall-note}}</ref><ref name="what">{{Cite web|title=What is Linux?|url=https://opensource.com/resources/linux|website=Opensource.com|language=en|access-date=2020-05-12|archive-date=May 13, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200513110848/https://opensource.com/resources/linux|url-status=live}}</ref>. | |||
== Dizayni == | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none; text-align:center; width:75%" | |||
|+ Linux ichidagi turli qatlamlar, shuningdek, foydalanuvchi maydoni va yadro maydoni oʻrtasidagi boʻlinishni koʻrsatadi. | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan=3 style="width: 10%" | Foydalanuvchi rejimi | |||
| colspan=1 style="width: 10%" | '''Foydalanuvchi ilovalari''' | |||
| colspan=5 style="width: 80%" | ''[[:en:bash (Unix shell)|bash]], [[LibreOffice]], [[:en:GIMP|GIMP]], [[Blender (dastur)|Blender]], [[:en:0_A.D._(video_game)|0 A.D.]] , [[Firefox|Mozilla Firefox]], ...'' | |||
|- | |||
| style="width: 10%" | '''Tizim komponentlari''' | |||
| colspan=1 style="width: 15%; background-color: #def"| '''[[:en:init|init daemon]]''':<br />''[[OpenRC]], [[runit]], [[systemd]]...'' | |||
| colspan=1 style="width: 15%; background-color: #def"| '''[[:en:Daemon (computing)|Tizim demonlari]]''':<br />''[[Polkit|polkitd]], [[Samba (dasturiy ta'minot)|smbd]], [[OpenSSH|sshd]], [[ udevd]]...'' | |||
| colspan=1 style="width: 15%; background-color: #def"| '''[[:en:Windowing_system|Window manager]]''':<br />''[[X Window System|X11]], [[Wayland (protocol)|Wayland]], [[SurfaceFlinger]] (Android)'' | |||
| colspan=1 style="width: 15%; background-color: #def"| '''Graphics''':<br />''[[:en:Mesa_(computer_graphics)|Mesa]]'', ''[[AMD Radeon Software|AMD Catalyst]], ...'' | |||
| colspan=2 style="width: 36%; background-color: #FFFDD0" | '''Other libraries:'''<br />''[[GTK]], [[Qt (software)|Qt]], [[Enlightenment Foundation Libraries|EFL]], [[Simple DirectMedia Layer|SDL]], [[Simple and Fast Multimedia Library|SFML]], [[FLTK]], [[GNUstep]], ...'' | |||
|- style="background-color: #dfd" | |||
| colspan=1 style="width: 10%" | '''[[:en:C_standard_library|C standart kutubxonasi]]''' | |||
| colspan=5 style="width: 80%" | <code>[[fopen]]</code>, <code>[[exec (system call)|execv]]</code>, <code>[[malloc]]</code>, <code>[[memcpy]]</code>, <code>[[localtime]]</code>, <code>[[pthread_create]]</code>... (2000 pastki dasturgacha)<br />''[[:en:glibc|glibc]]'' tez bo'lish uchun, ''[[:en:musl|musl]]'' yengil bo'lish uchun, ''[[:en:uClibc|uClibc]] '' o'rnatilgan tizimlarga mo'ljallangan, ''[[:en:Bionic_(software)|bionic]]'' [[Android]] va boshqalar uchun yozilgan. | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan=3 style="width: 10%" | Kernel rejimi | |||
| rowspan=3 style="width: 10%" | '''[[:en:Linux_kernel|Linux kernel]]''' | |||
| colspan=5 style="width: 80%; background-color: #ffb7b7;" |<code>[[stat (system call)|stat]]</code>, <code>[[splice (system call)|splice]]</code>, <code>[[dup (system call)|dup]]</code>, <code>[[read (system call)|read]]</code>, <code>[[open (system call)|open]]</code>, <code>[[ioctl]]</code>, <code>[[write (system call)|write]]</code>, <code>[[mmap]]</code>, <code>[[close (system call)|close]]</code>, <code>[[exit (system call)|exit]]</code>, va boshqa (taxminan 380 ta tizim qoʻngʻiroqlari)<br />Linux yadrosi [[:en:System_call|Tizim qoʻngʻiroqlari interfeysi]] (SCI), [[:en:POSIX|POSIX]]/[[:en:Single_UNIX_Specification|SUS]]-uchun mo'ljallangan<ref>{{cite web |title=Admin Guide README |url=https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/tree/Documentation/admin-guide/README.rst |website=git.kernel.org}}</ref>. | |||
|- style="background-color: #ffb7b7;" | |||
| style="width: 15%;" | [[:en:Scheduling_(computing)|Process scheduling]] quyi tizimi | |||
| style="width: 15%;" | [[:en:Inter-process_communication|IPC]] quyi tizimi | |||
| style="width: 15%;" | [[:en:Memory_management|Memory management]] quyi tizimi | |||
| style="width: 15%;" | [[:en:Virtual_file_system|Virtual files]] quyi tizimi | |||
| style="width: 15%;" | Tarmoq quyi tizimi | |||
|- style="background-color: #ffb7b7;" | |||
| colspan=5 style="width: 80%;" | Boshqa komponentlar: [[Advanced Linux Sound Architecture|ALSA]], [[Direct Rendering Infrastructure|DRI]], [[evdev]], [[Klibc|klibc]], [[Logical Volume Manager (Linux)|LVM]], [[device mapper]], [[Linux Network Scheduler]], [[Netfilter]]<br />[[Linux Security Modules]]: ''[[Security-Enhanced Linux|SELinux]]'', ''[[TOMOYO Linux|TOMOYO]]'', ''[[AppArmor]]'', ''[[Smack (Linux security module)|Smack]]'' | |||
|- style="background-color: #ffd99c;" | |||
! colspan=7 style="width: 100%" | Uskuna ([[:en:Central_processing_unit|CPU]], [[Tezkor xotira|asosiy xotira]], [[:en:Computer_data_storage|maʼlumotlarni saqlash qurilmalari]] va boshqalar) | |||
|} | |||
== Manbalar == | |||
{{reflist}} | |||
[[Turkum:Operatsion tizimlar]] | |||
$2, $3 dagi (joriy) koʻrinishi
 Linuxning maskoti bo'lgan Tux pingvini[1] | |
| Dasturchi |
Hamjamiyat ishtirokchilari; Linus Torvalds |
|---|---|
| Yozilgan dasturlash tili | C, assembler tillari va boshqalar |
| OS oilasi | Unix-like |
| Ishlash holati | Ayni vaqtda |
| Manba modeli | Ochiq manbali |
| Dastlabki dastur | 17-sentyabr, 1991-yil |
| Marketing maqsadi | Buutli hisoblash, oʻrnatilgan tizimlar, asosiy kompyuterlar, mobil qurilmalar, shaxsiy kompyuterlar, serverlar, superkompyuterlar |
| Mavjud dasturlash tili | Koʻp tilli |
| Platformalari | Alpha, ARC, ARM, C-Sky, Hexagon, IA-64, LoongArch, m68k, Microblaze, MIPS, Nios II, OpenRISC, PA-RISC, PowerPC, RISC-V, s390, SuperH, SPARC, x86, Xtensa |
| Yadro turi | Monolitik |
| Foydalanuvchi maydoni | GNU, BusyBox |
| Dasturiy taʼminot litsenziyasi | GPLv2[2] |
| Seriyadagi maqolalar | |
| Linux yadrosi Linux distribyutorlari | |
Linux (lɪnʊks LIN-uuks)[3] Linux yadrosiga asoslangan ochiq kodli Unixga oʻxshash operatsion tizimlar oilasi boʻlib[4], operatsion tizim yadrosi birinchi marta 1991-yil 17 sentyabrda Linus Torvalds tomonidan chiqarilgan[5][6]. Linux odatda Linux distribyutorlarida paketlanadi.
Taʼminotlar Linux yadrosi va qoʻllab-quvvatlovchi tizim dasturlari va kutubxonalarni oʻz ichiga oladi, ularning koʻpchiligi GNU loyihasi tomonidan taqdim etiladi. Koʻpgina Linux distribyutorlari oʻz nomida „Linux“ soʻzidan foydalanadi, ammo Free Software Foundation GNU dasturiy taʼminotining ahamiyatini taʼkidlash uchun baʼzi tortishuvlarga sabab boʻluvchi „GNU/Linux“ nomidan foydalanadi[7][8].
Linux, shuningdek, oʻrnatilgan tizimlarda, yaʼni operatsion tizimda odatda proshivka ichiga oʻrnatilgan va tizimga juda moslashtirilgan qurilmalarda ishlaydi. Bunga routerlar, avtomat boshqaruvlari, aqlli uy qurilmalari, video oʻyin konsollari[9], televizorlar (Samsung va LG Smart TVlar)[10][11][12], avtomobillar (Tesla, Audi, Mercedes-Benz, Hyundai va Toyota)[13] va kosmik kema (Falcon 9 raketasi, Dragon ekipaj kapsulasi va Perseverance rover) kiradi[14][15].
Linux bepul va ochiq manbali dasturiy ta'minot hamkorligining eng yorqin namunalaridan biridir. Manba kodi GNU General Public License (GPL) kabi tegishli litsenziyalari shartlariga muvofiq hamma tomonidan tijorat yoki notijorat maqsadlarda foydalanilishi, oʻzgartirilishi va tarqatilishi mumkin. Masalan, Linux yadrosi GPLv2 ostida litsenziyalangan, tizim qoʻgʻiroqlari bundan mustasno, bu yadroni tizim chaqiruvlari orqali amalga oshiradigan kodga GPL boʻyicha litsenziyalanishi mumkin emas[16][17][18].
Dizayni
[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]| Foydalanuvchi rejimi | Foydalanuvchi ilovalari | bash, LibreOffice, GIMP, Blender, 0 A.D. , Mozilla Firefox, ... | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tizim komponentlari | init daemon: OpenRC, runit, systemd... |
Tizim demonlari: polkitd, smbd, sshd, udevd... |
Window manager: X11, Wayland, SurfaceFlinger (Android) |
Graphics: Mesa, AMD Catalyst, ... |
Other libraries: GTK, Qt, EFL, SDL, SFML, FLTK, GNUstep, ... | |
| C standart kutubxonasi | fopen, execv, malloc, memcpy, localtime, pthread_create... (2000 pastki dasturgacha)glibc tez bo'lish uchun, musl yengil bo'lish uchun, uClibc o'rnatilgan tizimlarga mo'ljallangan, bionic Android va boshqalar uchun yozilgan. | |||||
| Kernel rejimi | Linux kernel | stat, splice, dup, read, open, ioctl, write, mmap, close, exit, va boshqa (taxminan 380 ta tizim qoʻngʻiroqlari)Linux yadrosi Tizim qoʻngʻiroqlari interfeysi (SCI), POSIX/SUS-uchun mo'ljallangan[19]. | ||||
| Process scheduling quyi tizimi | IPC quyi tizimi | Memory management quyi tizimi | Virtual files quyi tizimi | Tarmoq quyi tizimi | ||
| Boshqa komponentlar: ALSA, DRI, evdev, klibc, LVM, device mapper, Linux Network Scheduler, Netfilter Linux Security Modules: SELinux, TOMOYO, AppArmor, Smack | ||||||
| Uskuna (CPU, asosiy xotira, maʼlumotlarni saqlash qurilmalari va boshqalar) | ||||||
Manbalar
[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]- ↑ Linux Online „Linux Logos and Mascots“ (2008). 2010-yil 15-avgustda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2009-yil 11-avgust.
- ↑ „The Linux Kernel Archives: Frequently asked questions“. kernel.org (2014-yil 2-sentyabr). 2015-yil 5-sentyabrda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2015-yil 4-sentyabr.
- ↑ „Re: How to pronounce Linux?“ (1992-yil 23-aprel). Qaraldi: 2007-yil 9-yanvar.
- ↑ Eckert, Jason W.. Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, Third, Boston, Massachusetts: Cengage Learning, 2012 — 33-bet. ISBN 978-1111541538. Qaraldi: 2013-yil 14-aprel. „The shared commonality of the kernel is what defines a system's membership in the Linux family; the differing OSS applications that can interact with the common kernel are what differentiate Linux distributions.“
- ↑ „Twenty Years of Linux according to Linus Torvalds“. ZDNet (2011-yil 13-aprel). 2016-yil 19-sentyabrda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2016-yil 19-sentyabr.
- ↑ „What Is Linux: An Overview of the Linux Operating System“. Medium. Qaraldi: 2019-yil 21-dekabr.
- ↑ „GNU/Linux FAQ“. Gnu.org. 2013-yil 7-sentyabrda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2013-yil 1-sentyabr.
- ↑ „Linux and the GNU System“. Gnu.org. 2017-yil 19-martda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2013-yil 1-sentyabr.
- ↑ IBM „Linux Watch (WatchPad)“ (2001-yil 1-oktyabr). 2015-yil 18-iyunda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2015-yil 18-iyun.
- ↑ Eric Brown. „Linux continues advance in smart TV market“. linuxgizmos.com (2019-yil 29-mart). 2020-yil 29-iyunda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2020-yil 15-may.
- ↑ „Sony Open Source Code Distribution Service“. Sony Electronics. 2011-yil 4-oktyabrda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2011-yil 8-oktyabr.
- ↑ „Sharp Liquid Crystal Television Instruction Manual“. Sharp Electronics. 2012-yil 11-yanvarda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2011-yil 8-oktyabr.
- ↑ Steven J. Vaughan-Nichols. „It's a Linux-powered car world“. ZDNet (2019-yil 4-yanvar). 2020-yil 3-avgustda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2020-yil 15-may.
- ↑ „From Earth to orbit with Linux and SpaceX | ZDNet“. www.zdnet.com. 2020-yil 3-avgustda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2020-yil 6-iyun.
- ↑ „Linux on Mars!“ (en). IT PRO. 2022-yil 19-mayda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2022-yil 30-iyun.
- ↑ „Linux kernel licensing rules“. Linux kernel documentation. 2022-yil 6-sentyabrda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2022-yil 17-iyun.
- ↑ Linux-syscall-note GitHubda
- ↑ „What is Linux?“ (en). Opensource.com. 2020-yil 13-mayda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2020-yil 12-may.
- ↑ „Admin Guide README“. git.kernel.org.