Galton hushtagi sahifasining manbasini koʻrish

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[[Fayl:Galton_whistle.jpg|link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Galton_whistle.jpg/220px-Galton_whistle.jpg|thumb| Galton hushtagi, birinchi "it hushtak"]]
'''It hushtaklari''' (shuningdek, '''jim hushtak''' yoki '''Galton''' hushtagi deb ham ataladi) odamlar eshita olmaydigan, lekin ba'zi boshqa hayvonlar, jumladan [[It|itlar]] va uy [[Mushuk|mushuklari]] ham eshita oladigan [[ultratovush]] diapazonida tovush chiqaradigan hushtak turi bo'lib, ularni o'qitishda ishlatiladi. U 1876-yilda [[Fransis Galton|Frensis Galton]] tomonidan ixtiro qilingan va uning “ ''Inquiries into Human Faculty and its Development'' ” kitobida <ref name="Galton1883">Galton, Francis (1883). [http://www.galton.org/books/human-faculty/index.html ''Inquiries into Human Faculty and Its Development''], pp. 26-27.</ref> eslatib o‘tilgan bo‘lib, unda u turli uy hayvonlar eshitishi mumkin bo‘lgan chastotalar diapazonini sinash bo‘yicha tajribalarni tasvirlab beradi.

Inson eshitish diapazonining yuqori chegarasi taxminan bolalar uchun 20[[Gers (birlik)|kilohertz]] (kHz) ga teng, o'rta yoshdagi kattalar uchun 15-17 kHzgacha kamayadi. <ref>{{Veb manbasi|url=https://hypertextbook.com/facts/2003/ChrisDAmbrose.shtml|sarlavha=Frequency range of human hearing|ism=Christoper|muallif=D'Ambrose|yil=2003|ish=The Physics Factbook|muharrir=Elert|kirish sanasi=2022-01-22}}</ref> Itning eshitish diapazonining yuqori chegarasi taxminan 45 kHzga teng, mushukniki esa 64&nbsp;kHz. <ref name="Krantz">{{Kitob manbasi|last=Krantz|first=Les|title=Power of the Dog: Things Your Dog Can Do That You Can't|publisher=MacMillan|date=2009|pages=35–37|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0l6jeMrA184C&pg=PA36|isbn=978-0312567224}}</ref><ref name="Strain">{{Veb manbasi|muallif=Strain|ism=George M.|sarlavha=How Well Do Dogs and Other Animals Hear?|ish=Prof. Strain's website|nashriyot=School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University|sana=2010|url=http://www.lsu.edu/deafness/HearingRange.html|kirish sanasi=July 21, 2012}}</ref> Mushuk va itlarning yovvoyi ajdodlari o'zlarining o'ljalari bo'lgan kichik kemiruvchilar tomonidan yuqori chastotali tovushlarni eshitish uchun bu yuqori eshitish diapazonini rivojlantirgan deb taxmin qilinadi. <ref name="Krantz" /> Ko'pgina itlarning hushtaklari chastotasi 23 dan 54 gacha&nbsp;kHz, <ref>{{Citation|title=Why Do Dogs Like Balls?: More Than 200 Canine Quirks, Curiosities, and Conundrums Revealed|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uqe_I8Q83yAC&pg=PA116|year=2008|journal=Sterling Publishing Company, Inc|pages=116|last=Caroline Coile|first1=D.|last2=Bonham|first2=Margaret H.|access-date=2011-08-07|isbn=9781402750397}}</ref> shuning uchun ular inson eshitish diapazonidan yuqori, garchi ba'zilari eshitiladigan diapazongacha sozlanishi mumkin.

Inson qulog'iga itning hushtaklari faqat jimgina xirillagan ovozdek eshitiladi. <ref name="Weisbord">{{Kitob manbasi|last=Weisbord|first=Merrily|title=Dogs with Jobs: Working Dogs Around the World|publisher=Simon & Schuster|date=2000|pages=xvi-xvii|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pu2W3e7D87AC&pg=PR17|isbn=0671047353}}</ref> It hushtagining afzalligi shundaki, u odamlar uchun oddiy hushtak chiqaradigan baland tirnash xususiyatini beruvchi shovqin chiqarmaydi, shuning uchun u yaqin atrofdagi odamlarni bezovta qilmasdan hayvonlarni o'rgatish yoki buyruq berish uchun ishlatilishi mumkin. Ba'zi it hushtaklari ishlab chiqarilgan chastotani faol nazorat qilish uchun sozlanishi slayderlarga ega. Murabbiylar hushtakdan itning e'tiborini jalb qilish yoki xatti- harakatlarini o'zgartirish maqsadida og'riq keltirish uchun ishlatishi mumkin.

O'pka bilan ishlaydigan hushtaklardan tashqari, piezoelektrik emitentlar orqali ultratovushli tovush chiqaradigan elektron it hushtaklari ham mavjud. <ref name="Krantz">{{Kitob manbasi|last=Krantz|first=Les|title=Power of the Dog: Things Your Dog Can Do That You Can't|publisher=MacMillan|date=2009|pages=35–37|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0l6jeMrA184C&pg=PA36|isbn=978-0312567224}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFKrantz2009">Krantz, Les (2009). [https://books.google.com/books?id=0l6jeMrA184C&pg=PA36 ''Power of the Dog: Things Your Dog Can Do That You Can't'']. MacMillan. pp.&nbsp;35–37. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Maxsus:Kitob manbalari/978-0312567224|<bdi>978-0312567224</bdi>]].</cite></ref> Elektron xilma-xillik ba'zan vovullashini aniqlash sxemalari bilan birlashtirilib, vovullash harakatini cheklash uchun ishlatiladi. Ushbu turdagi hushtak odamlarning eshitish diapazonini aniqlash va ultratovushli tovushlarni talab qiladigan fizika namoyishlari uchun ham ishlatilishi mumkin. 

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