Global jurnalistika sahifasining manbasini koʻrish

'''Global jurnalistika''' - '''global dunyoqarashni''' o'z ichiga olgan va [[Iqlim o'zgarishi|global muammolar]] kabi milliy chegaralardan tashqarida bo'lgan muammolar haqida xabar beruvchi yangiliklar majmuasi hisoblanadi. U bir nechta [[Milliy davlat|milliy davlatlar]] va mintaqalar o'rtasidagi munosabatlarga ta'sir ko'rsatadigan muammolar haqida xabar bergan holda [[Transmilliy yangilik|transmilliy yangiliklar]]<nowiki/>ga qaratilgan.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Berglez|first1=Peter|date=2008-12-01|title=What Is Global Journalism?|journal=Journalism Studies|volume=9|issue=6|pages=845–858|doi=10.1080/14616700802337727|issn=1461-670X}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Kitob manbasi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6uxi56DfxEQC&q=%22Global+Journalism%22|title=Global Journalism Ethics|last=Ward|first=Stephen J. A.|date=2010-03-26|publisher=McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP|isbn=9780773585225|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Kitob manbasi|title=Global journalism : topical issues and media systems|url=https://archive.org/details/globaljournalism0000unse_m0n9|last=(Arrie)|first=De Beer, A. S.|date=2009|publisher=Pearson, Allyn and Bacon|isbn=9780205608119|oclc=228744366}}</ref> Global jurnalistikani xorijiy yangiliklar bilan chalkashtirib yubormaslik kerak, u ichki kontekstda xorijiy muammolar haqida xabar beradi va dunyoning ko'plab mintaqalari o'rtasida umumiylikni topishni o'z ichiga olmaydi.<ref name=":1" /> Bundan farqli o'laroq, global jurnalistika dunyoning ko'plab qismlarida sodir bo'layotgan iqtisodiy, siyosiy, ijtimoiy va ekologik hodisalarning qanday bog'liqligini va umumiy xususiyatlar milliy chegaralardan tashqarida mavjudligini o'rganish va istemolchilarga yetkazishga intiladi.<ref name=":1" />

Global jurnalistika [[globallashuv]] natijasida shakllangan va o'zaro bog'langan hamda umumiy bog'liqlikda bo'lgan dunyodan yaratilgan. Globallashuv dunyo miqyosida turli ijtimoiy voqeliklar o‘rtasidagi murakkab a'loqalar mavjudligini ochib berdi, shuning uchun global jurnalistika bu munosabatlarni o‘rganuvchi, shuningdek, ularni kundalik hayotda yangiliklarga aylantiruvchi yangiliklar uslubidir.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Berglez|first1=Peter|date=2008-12-01|title=What Is Global Journalism?|journal=Journalism Studies|volume=9|issue=6|pages=845–858|doi=10.1080/14616700802337727|issn=1461-670X}}</ref> U alohida boʻlib koʻringan voqealarni birlashtirib, ularni har kuni dunyodagi xalqlar va joylar bilan bogʻlaydigan transmilliy yangiliklarning raqobatbardoshligini rivojlantirishi kerak, chunki globallashuv kundalik jarayondir.

== Ta'riflar ==
Stiven Uord kabi olimlarning fikricha, an'anaviy media amaliyotlari har doim global miqyosda emas, balki milliy miqyosdagi yangiliklar bilan shug'ullanishga mo'ljallangan, bu esa nashrning global miqyosdagi yangiliklarni tarqatish jarayoniga salbiy ta'sir qiladi.<ref name=":0">{{Kitob manbasi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6uxi56DfxEQC&q=%22Global+Journalism%22|title=Global Journalism Ethics|last=Ward|first=Stephen J. A.|date=2010-03-26|publisher=McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP|isbn=9780773585225|language=en}}</ref> ''Global jurnalistika ushbu sohaning o'zgaruvchan dunyoda yashab qolishi uchun global odob-axloq qoidalariga e'tibor qaratadi'' .<ref name=":0" /> Piter Berglezning fikricha, global jurnalistikaning diqqat markazida globallashuv tufayli yuzaga kelgan hamda murakkablashib borayotgan munosabatlar va global jurnalistikada mavjud bo'lsa-da, u hali uslub sifatida belgilanmagan va o'rganilmagan shuningdek ko'pincha [[xalqaro jurnalistika]] bilan aralashib ketadi.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Berglez|first1=Peter|date=2008-12-01|title=What Is Global Journalism?|journal=Journalism Studies|volume=9|issue=6|pages=845–858|doi=10.1080/14616700802337727|issn=1461-670X}}</ref> U, shuningdek, global jurnalistikani uch xil turga - global makon, global kuchlar va global o'ziga xosliklarga ajratadi. Uning fikricha, global jurnalistikaning umumiy omili global jurnalistikaning yangilik uslubi sifatida empirik tadqiqotlarida foydali bo'lishi mumkin.<ref name=":1" /> Global makon dunyoni bir vaqtning o'zida bir nechta hududlarda hodisa sodir bo'lishi mumkin bo'lgan yagona joy sifatida ko'rib chiqishni anglatadi.<ref name=":1" /> [[Global kuch]] deganda global jurnalistika hokimiyatni qanday ifodalashini anglatadi, chunki u transmilliy va global kuch yaratmoqda hamda shu tariqa milliy davlatlar ichida chegaralangan milliy kuchlarni asta-sekin oshkor qilmoqda.<ref name=":1" />Muhimi shundaki, global o'ziga xoslik milliy hududlardan tashqarida bo'lgan transmilliy o'ziga xoslikning namoyon bo'lishini anglatadi.<ref name=":1" />  Ommaviy axborot vositalarida global o'ziga xoslik qanday sodir bo'lishi haqida aniqroq ma'lumot olishning Berglez  uchta usulini aniqlaydi. Birinchidan, yangiliklar global kuchlarning kurashini o'z ichiga oladi.<ref name=":1" /> Ikkinchidan, jamoatchilikni umumiy [[dunyo aholisi]] sifatida global kontekstga joylashtirish orqali amalga oshadi.<ref name=":1" /> Shuningdek, butun dunyo bo'ylab o'xshash shaxiy ma'lumotlarni nishonga olish orqali. <ref name=":1" />

Sara Van Leuven va Piter Berglez an'anaviy xorijiy ommaviy axborot vositalaridan tashqarida sodir bo'ladigan global jurnalistika hodisalarini belgilaydilar.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Van Leuven|first1=Sarah|last2=Berglez|first2=Peter|date=2015-03-10|title=Global Journalism between Dream and Reality|journal=Journalism Studies|volume=17|issue=6|pages=667–683|doi=10.1080/1461670x.2015.1017596|issn=1461-670X}}</ref> Ularning fikriga ko'ra, global jurnalistikani turli yo'llar bilan aniqlash mumkin. Ammo, bu kontekstda u [[Aloqa fanlari|aloqa]] va [[Media tadqiqotlari|media tadqiqotlarining]] kengroq sohalariga oiddir. Keyin ular [[globallashuv]] va [[raqamlashtirish]] tufayli rivojlanayotgan  dunyoning turli qismlaridagi voqealar, hikoyalarning o'zaro bog'liqligini baholaydigan amaliyot sifatida belgilashga harakat qilishdi.<ref name=":2" />

Kottl global jurnalistikani global o'zaro bog'liqlik, chegarasizli hamda harakatchanlik asoslariga asoslangan jurnalistika sifatida belgilaydi.<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal|last=Cottle|first1=Simon|date=2011-07-27|title=Taking global crises in the news seriously: Notes from the dark side of globalization|journal=Global Media and Communication|volume=7|issue=2|pages=77–95|doi=10.1177/1742766511410217|issn=1742-7665}}</ref>

== Global dunyoqarash ==
'''Global dunyoqarash''' global voqealarni alohida mamlakatlar yoki mintaqalar o'rtasida joylashtirgan ichki yoki xorijiy farazlardan farqli o'laroq, global ijtimoiy voqelik kontekstida joylashtiradi hamda bu voqealar ma'lum bir mintaqaga qanday ta'sir qilishini tushuntiradi.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Berglez|first1=Peter|date=2008-12-01|title=What Is Global Journalism?|journal=Journalism Studies|volume=9|issue=6|pages=845–858|doi=10.1080/14616700802337727|issn=1461-670X}}</ref> Bu shuni anglatadiki, global jurnalistika yangiliklar auditoriyasiga milliy davlatlar bilan bog'liq bo'lgan segmentlangan populyatsiyalar emas, balki yagona global shaxs vakillari sifatida murojaat qiladi. U tushuntirish uslubini, tanlangan mavzu va manbalarni topishda har doim global kontekstda hikoyalarni tuzish orqali xalqaro dunyoqarash va transmilliy murojaat uslubiga erishadi.<ref name=":1" /> Global dunyoqarash turli millatlarning bir nechta nuqtai nazarlarini ko'rib chiqadi va har qanday davlatlarning manfaatlarini qo'llab-quvvatlamaydi.

== Tarix ==
Avvalo, global jurnalistika tarixini tushuntirish uchun shuni aniqlash kerakki, global jurnalistika jurnalistika sohasi orasida keng ko'lamli va global jamoat sohasiga xizmat qiladigan yangi amaliyotdir. Shuni hisobga olsak, bu hali hanuz muhim bo'lgan konsepsiyani talab qiladigan mutlaqo yangi tushunchadir. Bir so'z bilan aytadigan bo'lsak, global jurnalistika jadallik bilan  rivojlanmoqda, ammo akademiklar va olimlar nafaqat empirik dalillarga, balki atamaning to'g'ri mohiyatiga ham ega emaslar.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Berglez|first1=Peter|date=2008-12-01|title=What Is Global Journalism?|journal=Journalism Studies|volume=9|issue=6|pages=845–858|doi=10.1080/14616700802337727|issn=1461-670X}}</ref>

Global jurnalistikaning dastlabki variantini XIX asrda xalqaro yangililar agentliklari paydo bo'lganida ko'rish mumkin.<ref name=":5">{{Kitob manbasi|title=Journalism : critical issues|url=https://archive.org/details/journalismcritic0000unse|date=2005|publisher=Open University Press|others=Allan, Stuart.|isbn=0-335-22401-6|location=Maidenhead, England|oclc=567976091}}</ref> Ammo, asosiy dalillarni 1980-yillardan boshlab, texnologik o'zgarishlar, yangiliklar va siyosiy a'loqalarni tarqalish jarayonini o'zgartirgandan beri ko'rish mumkin.<ref name=":5" /> Xususan, sunʼiy yoʻldosh tizimimining rivojlanishi, texnologik oʻzgarishlar yangilik va axborotni transmilliy miqyosda tarqatish imkonini berdi va shu tariqa global jurnalistikaning asosini shakllantirdi.<ref name=":5" /> "Nisbiylik" tarmoqlaridan "bog'lanish" tarmoqlariga o'tish global ijtimoiy soha tushunchalarini yaratdi.<ref name=":5" />

== Misollar ==
Global jurnalistika tushunchasi hali juda yangi bo'lgani uchun aniq misollar keltirish qiyin. Lekin, namuna sifatida ko‘rib chiqilish orqali qaysi axborot vositalari yoki tashkilotlarning qaysidir ma’noda “global istiqbol”<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Berglez|first1=Peter|date=2008-12-01|title=What Is Global Journalism?|journal=Journalism Studies|volume=9|issue=6|pages=845–858|doi=10.1080/14616700802337727|issn=1461-670X}}</ref> deb hisoblanishini ko‘rishdan iborat. Ya'n, faqat global jurnalistika haqida xabar beradigan ommaviy axborot vositalari mavjud emasligi sababli, global jurnalistikaning aniq namunasi deb hisoblanishi mumkin bo'lgan misollar ko'p. Ammo shuni ta'kidlab o'tish joizki, quyidagi axborot vositalari va tashkilotlarni global jurnalistikaning dastlabki namunalari sifatida ko'rish mumkin.
[[Fayl:CNN-International-Logo.svg|thumb|114x114px| CNNI xalqaro]]

* [[CNN]] International (CNNI) - moliyaviy tashkilotlarning global prognozini taqdim etadi <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Berglez|first1=Peter|date=2008-12-01|title=What Is Global Journalism?|journal=Journalism Studies|volume=9|issue=6|pages=845–858|doi=10.1080/14616700802337727|issn=1461-670X}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Kitob manbasi|title=Journalism : critical issues|url=https://archive.org/details/journalismcritic0000unse|date=2005|publisher=Open University Press|others=Allan, Stuart.|isbn=0-335-22401-6|location=Maidenhead, England|oclc=567976091}}</ref>
* BBC World - moliyaviy tashkilotlarning global prognozini taqdim etadi <ref name=":1" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last=Lindell|first1=Johan|last2=Karlsson|first2=Michael|date=2016-04-04|title=Cosmopolitan Journalists?|journal=Journalism Studies|volume=17|issue=7|pages=860–870|doi=10.1080/1461670x.2016.1165137|issn=1461-670X}}</ref>
* [[Reuters]] - moliyaviy markazlarning global prognozini taqdim etadi<ref name=":1" />
* Le Monde - garchi bu milliy gazeta bo'lsa-da, u global nuqtai nazarga katta e'tibor beradi<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Van Leuven|first1=Sarah|last2=Berglez|first2=Peter|date=2015-03-10|title=Global Journalism between Dream and Reality|journal=Journalism Studies|volume=17|issue=6|pages=667–683|doi=10.1080/1461670x.2015.1017596|issn=1461-670X}}</ref>
* BBC World Service Television (BBC-WS-TV) - butun dunyo bo'ylab dasturlarni taqdim etadi <ref name=":5" />
* Al-Jazira - arab hamjamiyatining xalqaro yangiliklar kanali <ref name=":5" />
* ZEE TV - butun dunyo bo'ylab hind hamjamiyatiga qaratilgan ommaviy kanal <ref name=":5" />[[Fayl:Zee_TV-2018.png|thumb|112x112px| ZEE TV]]

Ushbu misollarga qo'shimcha ravishda, Van Leuven va Berglez ham yangiliklar mazmunining milliy nuqtai nazardan global nuqtai nazarga o'tishini ko'rsatadigan tadqiqotlar mavjudligini aniqladilar.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Van Leuven|first1=Sarah|last2=Berglez|first2=Peter|date=2015-03-10|title=Global Journalism between Dream and Reality|journal=Journalism Studies|volume=17|issue=6|pages=667–683|doi=10.1080/1461670x.2015.1017596|issn=1461-670X}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFVan_LeuvenBerglez2015">Van Leuven, Sarah; Berglez, Peter (2015-03-10). "Global Journalism between Dream and Reality". ''Journalism Studies''. '''17''' (6): 667–683. [[Raqamli obyekt identifikatori|doi]]:[[doi:10.1080/1461670x.2015.1017596|10.1080/1461670x.2015.1017596]]. [[Xalqaro standart seriya raqami|ISSN]]&nbsp;[//www.worldcat.org/issn/1461-670X 1461-670X]. [[S2CID (identifikator)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143284046 143284046].</cite></ref> Bundan tashqari, Kottl global inqirozlarni global prognoz orqali taqdim etish tendensiyalariga ham e'tibor beradi. <ref name=":6">{{Cite journal|last=Cottle|first1=Simon|date=2011-07-27|title=Taking global crises in the news seriously: Notes from the dark side of globalization|journal=Global Media and Communication|volume=7|issue=2|pages=77–95|doi=10.1177/1742766511410217|issn=1742-7665}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFCottle2011">Cottle, Simon (2011-07-27). "Taking global crises in the news seriously: Notes from the dark side of globalization". ''Global Media and Communication''. '''7''' (2): 77–95. [[Raqamli obyekt identifikatori|doi]]:[[doi:10.1177/1742766511410217|10.1177/1742766511410217]]. [[Xalqaro standart seriya raqami|ISSN]]&nbsp;[//www.worldcat.org/issn/1742-7665 1742-7665]. [[S2CID (identifikator)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154292095 154292095].</cite></ref>

== Manbalar ==
{{Manbalar}}

== Qo'shimcha o'qish uchun ==

* {{Kitob manbasi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RgFlAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Global+Journalism%22|title=Global journalism: a survey of the world's mass media|last=Merrill|first=John Calhoun|date=1983|publisher=Longman|isbn=9780582283381|language=en}}
* {{Kitob manbasi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JLEVQozKrlIC&q=%22Global+Journalism%22|title=Practising Global Journalism: Exploring reporting issues worldwide|last=Herbert|first=John|date=2013-02-11|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=9781136029851|language=en}}
* {{Kitob manbasi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A2ZlAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Global+Journalism%22|title=Global Journalism Research: Theories, Methods, Findings, Future|last=Löffelholz|first=Martin|date=2008-02-11|publisher=Wiley|isbn=9781405153324|language=en}}
* {{Kitob manbasi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HYSoBAAAQBAJ&q=%22Global+Journalism%22|title=Global Journalism Practice and New Media Performance|last=Kalyango|first=Yusuf Jr.|date=2014-10-21|publisher=Springer|isbn=9781137440563|language=en}}
* Wasserman, Herman (2011-04-01). "Global journalism studies: Beyond panoramas". ''Communicatio''. '''37''' (1): 100–117. [[Raqamli obyekt identifikatori|doi]]:10.1080/02500167.2011.553823. [[Xalqaro standart seriya raqami|ISSN]]&nbsp;0250-0167.
[[Turkum:Jurnalistika]]
[[Turkum:Xalqaro jurnalistika]]
[[Turkum:Global jurnalistika]]