Guarana sahifasining manbasini koʻrish

'''Guarana''' Sapindaceae oilasiga mansub oʻsimlik boʻlib, [[Amazonka pasttekisligi|Amazon havzasida]] va ayniqsa Braziliyada keng tarqalgan. Guarana katta barglari, [[gul]] toʻplamlariga ega. Oʻsimlik koʻproq kofe donalarining kattaligidagi mevalaridan olingan urugʻlar bilan mashhur.
[[File:Flickr - ggallice - Guaraná (1).jpg|thumb|Guaraná mevalari]]
Guarana urugʻi samarali stimulyator hisoblanadi<ref>{{Yangiliklar manbasi |last=Johannes |first=Laura |date=March 2, 2010 |title=Can a Caffeine-Packed Plant Give a Boost? |page=D3 |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]}}</ref>. Uning tarkibida qahva loviyalarida mavjud boʻlgan [[kofein]] kontsentratsiyasidan ikki baravar koʻp (guarana urugʻlarida taxminan 2-8% kofein<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Schimpl|first1=Flávia Camila|last2=da Silva|first2=José Ferreira|last3=Gonçalves|first3=José Francisco de Carvalho|last4=Mazzafera|first4=Paulo|title=Guarana: Revisiting a highly caffeinated plant from the Amazon|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0378874113005771|journal=[[Journal of Ethnopharmacology]]|volume=150|issue=1|pages=14–31|date=October 2013|pmid=23981847|doi=10.1016/j.jep.2013.08.023}}</ref> mavjud) bor<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Caporaso|first1=Nicola|last2=Whitworth|first2=Martin B.|last3=Grebby|first3=Stephen|last4=Fisk|first4=Ian D.|title=Non-destructive analysis of sucrose, caffeine and trigonelline on single green coffee beans by hyperspectral imaging|journal=Food Research International (Ottawa, Ont.)|volume=106|pages=193–203|date=April 2018|issn=0963-9969|pmid=29579918|pmc=5886291|doi=10.1016/j.foodres.2017.12.031}}</ref>. Qoʻshimcha sifatida [[Energetik ichimliklar|energetik ichimliklarda]] qoʻllanadi. Kofein ishlab chiqaradigan boshqa oʻsimliklarda boʻlgani kabi, kofeinning yuqori konsentratsiyasi oʻsimlikni [[Fitofaglar|oʻtxoʻrlardan]] himoya qiladi<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Caffeine and related purine alkaloids: biosynthesis, catabolism, function and genetic engineering|journal=Phytochemistry|volume=69|issue=4|pages=841–56|date=February 2008|pmid=18068204|doi=10.1016/j.phytochem.2007.10.029}}</ref>.

Meva rangi jigarrangdan qizilgacha oʻzgarib turadi. Meva ichida oq arillar bilan qoplangan qora [[Urugʻlik|urugʻlar]] mavjud<ref name="culthistplants">{{Kitob manbasi|title=Cultural History of Plants|publisher=Routledge|year=2004|location=New York|page=179}}</ref>.

== Tarix va madaniyat ==
[[Guarani tili|Guarani tilida]] meva nomi „xalqning koʻzlari“ yoki „xudolarning koʻzlari“ degan maʼnoni anglatadi.
<gallery>
Fayl:Guaraná 01.jpg|Guaraná
Fayl:Stamp of Brazil - 1982 - Colnect 261454 - Natural Economy Resources - Guarana.jpeg|Guarana tasvirlangan marka
Fayl:Paullinia cupana - Köhler–s Medizinal-Pflanzen-234.jpg|Botanik illustratsiya
</gallery>
[[File:Guarana Pulver.jpg|thumb|Guarana kukuni idishi]]
Guarana Tupi va Guarani madaniyatida muhim rol oʻynaydi. Satere-Maue qabilasiga tegishli afsonaga koʻra, guarananing xonakilashtirilishi xudoning qishloq bolasini oʻldirishi bilan boshlangan. Qishloq aholisiga tasalli berish uchun mehribon xudo bolaning chap koʻzini yulib, oʻrmonga ekdi, natijada yovvoyi guarana paydo boʻldi. Keyin xudo bolaning oʻng koʻzini sugʻurib oldi va uni yerga ekdi, yerdan xonaki guarana paydo boʻldi<ref name="culthistplants-179">{{Kitob manbasi|last=Beck|first=H.T.|chapter=10 Caffeine, Alcohol, and Sweeteners|title=Cultural History of Plants|editor=Ghillean Prance|location=New York|publisher=Routledge|year=2004|page=179|isbn=978-0-415-92746-8}}</ref>
[[File:Guaraná 06.jpg|thumb|Guarana mevasi toʻplami]]
Guaranilar urugʻlarni tozalash, yuvish va quritish orqali oʻsimlik choyi tayyorlanadi, keyin ularni mayda kukunga aylantiriladi. Kukundan xamir qoriladi va keyin tegirmonda aylantiriladi. Ushbu mahsulot guarana noni sifatida tanilgan<ref name="worldofcaffeine-259">{{Kitob manbasi|title=The World of Caffeine: The Science and Culture of the World's Most Popular Drug|location=New York|publisher=Routledge|year=2001|isbn=978-0-415-92723-9|pages=[https://archive.org/details/worldofcaffeines00benn/page/259 259–60]|url=https://archive.org/details/worldofcaffeines00benn/page/259}}</ref>.

Bu oʻsimlik Yevropaga XVI asrda Felip Betendorf, Oviedo, Hernández, Kobo va boshqa ispan yilnomachilari tomonidan kiritilgan. 1958-yilga kelib, guarana tijorat oʻsimligiga aylandi<ref>{{Kitob manbasi|title=The World of Caffeine: The Science and Culture of the World's Most Popular Drug|location=New York|publisher=Routledge|year=2001|isbn=978-0-415-92723-9|pages=[https://archive.org/details/worldofcaffeines00benn/page/259 259–60]|url=https://archive.org/details/worldofcaffeines00benn/page/259}}</ref><ref>{{Kitob manbasi|last=Weinberg|first=Bennett Alan|title=The World of Caffeine: The Science and Culture of the World's Most Popular Drug|year=2001|page=260|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AGaTAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA260|isbn=9781135958176}}</ref>.

== Tarkibi ==
[[Fayl:Guaranà_original_do_Brasil.jpg|right|thumb| Guarana mevalari]]
Tadqiqotlarga koʻra guarana tarkibida mavjud boʻlgan kofein [[qahva]], [[choy]] va mate kabi boshqa manbalardan olingan kofein bilan bir xil<ref>{{Veb manbasi|url=http://www.bmrb.wisc.edu/metabolomics/gen_metab_summary_5.php?molName=caffeine#SYNONYMS|sarlavha=Caffeine|nashriyot=Biological Magnetic Resonance Data Bank, University of Wisconsin-Madison|qaralgan sana=2007-09-19|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071124120021/http://www.bmrb.wisc.edu/metabolomics/gen_metab_summary_5.php?molName=caffeine#SYNONYMS|arxivsana=2007-11-24}}</ref>.
[[File:Guaranapulver.jpg|thumb|Guarana kukuni]]
Kofeinning tabiiy manbalarida kofeindan tashqari turli xil ksantin [[Alkaloidlar|alkaloidlari]], shu jumladan [[yurak]] stimulyatorlari teofillin, teobromin va kofein bilan erimaydigan komplekslar hosil qilishi mumkin boʻlgan polifenollar kabi boshqa moddalar mavjud<ref>{{Kitob manbasi|last=Balentine|first=D.A.|title=Caffeine|url=https://archive.org/details/caffeine0000unse|editor=Spiller|chapter=Tea: the Plant and its Manufacture; Chemistry and Consumption of the Beverage|publisher=CRC Press|year=1998|isbn=978-0-8493-2647-9|doi=10.1201/9781420050134.ch3}}</ref><ref>{{Veb manbasi|url=http://chem.sis.nlm.nih.gov/chemidplus/rn/58-08-2#names|sarlavha=Substance Name: Caffeine [USP:BAN:JAN]|ish=ChemIDplus|nashriyot=US National Library of Medicine|qaralgan sana=28 January 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Liquid chromatographic determination of methylxanthines and catechins in herbal preparations containing guaraná|journal=Journal of AOAC International|volume=81|issue=4|pages=691–701|date=July–August 1998|pmid=9680692|doi=10.1093/jaoac/81.4.691}}</ref>.

Quyidagi jadvalda guarana urugʻlarida uchraydigan baʼzi kimyoviy moddalarning qisman roʻyxati keltirilgan<ref>{{Citation|url=http://sun.ars-grin.gov:8080/npgspub/xsql/duke/plantdisp.xsql?taxon=703|contribution=Guarana|title=Dr. Duke's Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases|date=2007-09-18|access-date=2007-09-18|oclc=41920916|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20041119104654/http://sun.ars-grin.gov:8080/npgspub/xsql/duke/plantdisp.xsql?taxon=703|archivedate=2004-11-19}}</ref><ref name="Duke1992a">{{Kitob manbasi|last=Duke JA|year=1992|title=Handbook of phytochemical constituents of GRAS herbs and other economic plants|location=Boca Raton|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-0-8493-3672-0|oclc=25874249}}</ref>.
{| class="wikitable" style="width:35%; clear:left; margin:0 0 0.5em 1em; font-size:85%;"
|+Guarana urugʻlari tarkibiy qismlarining qisman roʻyxati<ref>{{Citation|url=http://sun.ars-grin.gov:8080/npgspub/xsql/duke/plantdisp.xsql?taxon=703|contribution=Guarana|title=Dr. Duke's Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases|date=2007-09-18|access-date=2007-09-18|oclc=41920916|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20041119104654/http://sun.ars-grin.gov:8080/npgspub/xsql/duke/plantdisp.xsql?taxon=703|archivedate=2004-11-19}}</ref><ref>{{Kitob manbasi|last=Duke JA|year=1992|title=Handbook of phytochemical constituents of GRAS herbs and other economic plants|location=Boca Raton|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-0-8493-3672-0|oclc=25874249}}</ref>.
! Kimyoviy komponent
! Bir million uchun qismlar
|-
! [[Adenin]]
|
|-
! Ash
| 14200
|-
! [[Kofein]]
| 9100–76000
|-
! Katexutanik kislota
|
|-
! Xolin
|
|-
! D-katexin
|
|-
! Yog '
| 30 000
|-
! Guanin
|
|-
! Gipoksantin
|
|-
! Shilliq
|
|-
! [[Proteinlar|Protein]]
| 98 600
|-
! [[Smola|Qatronlar]]
| 70 000
|-
! Saponin
|
|-
! [[Kraxmal]]
| 50 000–60 000
|-
! [[Tannin|Tanin]]
| 50 000–120 000
|-
! Teobromin
| 200–400
|-
! Teofillin
| 0–2500
|-
! [[Timbonine|Timbonin]]
|
|-
! Ksantin
|
|-
|}

== Foydalanish ==
[[Fayl:Guarana.jpg|right|thumb| Guarana urugʻi kukuni]]

=== Xavfsizlik ===
Amerika Qoʻshma Shtatlarida guarana mevasi kukuni va urugʻi ekstrakti [[Oziq-ovqat va farmatsevtika idorasi]] tomonidan „umumiy ravishda xavfsiz deb tan olingan“<ref>{{Veb manbasi|url=https://www.naturalproductsinsider.com/news/2012/08/fda-responds-to-durbins-energy-drink-letter.aspx|sarlavha=FDA Responds to Durbin's Energy Drink Letter|nashriyot=Natural Products Insider, Global Health and Nutrition Network|sana=20 August 2012|qaralgan sana=21 February 2017|arxivsana=22 February 2017|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170222194234/https://www.naturalproductsinsider.com/news/2012/08/fda-responds-to-durbins-energy-drink-letter.aspx}}</ref><ref>{{Veb manbasi|url=http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/fcn/fcnNavigation.cfm?filter=guarana&sortColumn=&rpt=eafusListing&displayAll=false#2691|sarlavha=Guarana gum and guarana seed extract; Everything Added to Food in the United States (EAFUS); Documents 2189 and 3150|sana=23 April 2013|nashriyot=US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD|qaralgan sana=21 February 2017|arxivsana=2017-02-22|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170222121822/http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/fcn/fcnNavigation.cfm?filter=guarana&sortColumn=&rpt=eafusListing&displayAll=false#2691}}</ref>.

Guarana shirin yoki gazlangan [[Spirtsiz ichimliklar|alkogolsiz ichimliklar]] va [[energetik ichimliklar]], oʻsimlik choylarining tarkibiy qismlarida ishlatiladi. [[Janubiy Amerika|Janubiy Amerikada]] kofeinning katta qismini guaranadan oladi<ref name="worldofcaffeine-230">{{Kitob manbasi|title=The World of Caffeine: The Science and Culture of the World's Most Popular Drug|location=New York|publisher=Routledge|year=2001|isbn=978-0-415-92723-9|pages=[https://archive.org/details/worldofcaffeines00benn/page/230 230]|url=https://archive.org/details/worldofcaffeines00benn/page/230}}</ref>.

=== Ichimliklar ===
Dunyoda [[Spirtsiz ichimliklar|alkogolsiz ichimliklarning]] uchinchi yirik isteʼmolchisi boʻlgan Braziliya<ref name="worldofcaffeine-192and3">{{Kitob manbasi|title=The World of Caffeine: The Science and Culture of the World's Most Popular Drug|location=New York|publisher=Routledge|year=2001|isbn=978-0-415-92723-9|pages=[https://archive.org/details/worldofcaffeines00benn/page/192 192–3]|url=https://archive.org/details/worldofcaffeines00benn/page/192}}</ref> guarananing maydalangan urugʻlaridan bir nechta turdagi alkogolsiz ichimliklarni ishlab chiqaradi va ular qahva isteʼmol qilinadi<ref name="Standley1923">{{Cite journal|last=Standley|first1=Paul C.|authorlink1=Paul Carpenter Standley|last2=Blake|first2=S. F.|authorlink2=Sidney Fay Blake|title=Trees and Shrubs of Mexico (Oxalidaceae-Turneraceae)|journal=Contributions from the United States National Herbarium|publisher=Department of Botany, [[Smithsonian Institution]]|volume=23|issue=3|place=Washington, D.C.|page=701|date=1923|jstor=23492504}}</ref>. Paragvayda bir nechta brendlar guaranada alkogolsiz ichimliklar ishlab chiqaradi.

== Manbalar ==
{{manbalar}}

[[Turkum:Dorivor oʻsimliklar]]
[[Turkum:O‘simlik va qo‘ziqorin stimulyatorlari]]