Hafttepa sahifasining manbasini koʻrish

: ''Tojikistonning Hisor tumanidagi [[Haftteppa]] dahasi bilan adashtirib yubormang.''
{{Bilgiquti qadimiy manzilgoh
  |name = Hafttepa
  |native_name = 
  |alternate_name = Kabnak
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  |map_type = Eron
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  |coordinates = {{coord|32|04|44|N|48|19|35|E|display=inline,title}}
  |location = [[Xuziston]], [[Eron]]
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  |epochs = 
  |cultures = [[Elam]]
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  |event = 
  |excavations = 1908, 1965-1979, 2003-2013
  |archaeologists = Jak de Morgan, Izzat Negahban, Behzod Mofidiy
  |condition = xaroba holatida
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'''Hafttepa''' (shuningdek, '''Haft Tepe, Haft Tape''') – [[Eron]]ning janubi-gʻarbidagi [[Xuziston]] ustoni, qadimiy [[Suza]] shahridan 15 kilometr janubi-gʻarbda joylashgan arxeologik manzilgoh. Ushbu joy [[Elam]]ning '''Kabnak''' shahri oʻrniligini anglatishi mumkin boʻlgan qoldiqlari 1908-yilda topilgan va qazishmalar hanuzgacha olib borilmoqda.

== Tarixi ==
Kabnak shahri miloddan avvalgi 15-asrda hukmronlik qilgan Kidinuiylar sulolasining soʻnggi shohi [[Elam]] hukmdori Tepti-Ahar davrida muhim siyosiy markaz sifatida tilga olingan. U ham shaharda dafn etilgan boʻlishi mumkin. Hafttepadagi qabrdan topilgan ikkita muhrdan maʼlum boʻlgan yana bir hukmdor Inshushinak-sarru-(rabu)-ilani edi<ref>Mofidi-Nasrabadi, Behzad, "The Grave of a puhu-teppu from Haft Tappeh." Akkadica 132.2, pp. 151-161, 2011</ref>. Tepti-Ahar oʻlimidan soʻng hokimiyat markazi eski poytaxt Suzaga qaytdi, shu bilan birga Kabnak qachondir haqiqiy hokimiyatga ega boʻlganligi haqida aniq dalillar yoʻq. Bu davrdagi notinchliklar tufayli, Tepti-Ahar [[Suza]] ustidan nazoratni yoʻqotganidan keyin Kabnak qurilishi zarur boʻlgan boʻlishi mumkin, ammo bu nazariya ishonchli dalillar bilan toʻliq tasdiqlanmagan<ref>Van De Mieroop, Marc, "A History of the Ancient Near East, ca. 3000-323 BC", Blackwell Publishing, 2007 {{ISBN|1-4051-4911-6}}</ref>. Bir necha asrlar oʻtib, [[Chogʻa Zanbil]] oʻrnida yana bir shahar qurildi.

[[File:Elamisches Bestattungsgefaess.JPG|thumb|Hafttepa muzeyidagi elamiy dafn idishi]]

Hafttepada olib borilgan qazishmalarda Tepti-Ahar tomonidan asos solingan, Kirvashir (Kirmasir) xudosi sharafiga qurilgan katta dafn majmuasi aniqlangan. Unda gʻishtdan yasalgan ikkita yirik platforma, ustaxona maydoni va ehtimol saroy bor edi. Katta toʻrtburchaklar hovli ostida podshoh va uning oilasi uchun moʻljallangan yer osti dafn marosimi majmuasi yotardi<ref>Carter, Elizabeth, "Landscapes of Death in Susiana During the Last Half of the 2nd Millennium B.C.", Elam and Persia, edited by Javier Álvarez-Mon and Mark B. Garrison, University Park, USA: Penn State University Press, pp. 45-58, 2011</ref>. Ikki qabr, jumladan, podshohning qabri, gipsli ohak bilan pishgan gʻishtdan qurilgan, oval gumbazli tomga ega boʻlgan. Tepti-Ahar qabrining uzunligi 10 metr, eni 3,25 metr va balandligi 3,75 metrni tashkil etgan<ref>Negahban, E.O., "Architecture of Haft Tepe", Akten des VII. Internationalen Kongresses für Iranische Kunst und Archeologie, Archaologische Mitteilungen aus Iran 6, pp. 9-28, 1979</ref>. Qabrdan skelet qoldiqlari topilgan, ammo ular podshohlik oilasiga tegishli ekanligi aniq emas<ref>Clare Goff, et al., "Survey of Excavations in Iran, 1967-8", Iran, vol. 7, pp. 169–93, 1969</ref> 
<ref>[http://www.anthropology.uw.edu.pl/12/bne-12-04.pdf]Farnaz Khatibi Jafari, "Human remains from Haft Tepe, Iran, 2012-2013", Bioarchaeology of the Near East, vol. 12, pp. 55-60, 2018, ISSN 1899-962X</ref>. Bu joydan topilgan yana bir yirik inshoot, ehtimol, [[zikkurat]]ning poydevori, shuningdek, hovlilar va xonalar toʻplamidir. Dafn marosimi majmuasi bronza plitalar va devor rasmlari bilan bezatilgan<ref>Alvarez-Mon, Javier, "Aspects of elamite wall painting: new evidence from Kabnak (Haft Tappeh)", Iranica antiqua 40, pp. 149-64, 2005</ref>. Odatda „vanna tobutlari“ deb ataladigan terakota sarkofagining bir qancha namunalari topilgan<ref>Laflı, Ergün, and Maurizio Buora, "Terracotta sarcophagi from the eastern Mediterranean", Mediterranean Archaeology, vol. 34/35, pp. 83–116, 2021</ref>. Shuningdek, bir qancha yirik tosh stelalar topilgan boʻlib, ulardan biri zamonaviy bobil tilida yozilgan, dafn marosimlari va burchlari, shu jumladan xudoning aravasi va Tepti-Ahar oldidagi qurbonliklar haqida batafsil maʼlumot berilgan<ref>C. L. Goff, et al., "Survey of Excavations in Iran during 1965-66", Iran, vol. 5, pp. 133–49, 1967</ref>. Bu yerda Tepti-Ahar hukmronligiga oid maʼmuriy matnlar ham topilgan<ref>P. Herrero, "Tablettes administratives de Haft Tépé", Cahiers de la Délégation archéologique francaise en Iran, vol. 6, pp. 93–116, 1976</ref>.

== Arxeologiyasi ==
[[File:Grabgewölbe Haft Tepe.JPG|thumb|Hafttepadagi qirollik maqbarasi]]

Bu joy 1,5 km dan 800 metrgacha boʻlgan 14 tepalikdan iborat boʻlib, eng balandi 17 metr balandlikda<ref>Ezat O. Negahban, Haft Tepe Roundels: An Example of Middle Elamite Art, American Journal of Archaeology, vol. 88, no. 1, pp. 3-10, 1984</ref>. Hafttepa birinchi marta 1908yilda fransuz arxeologi Jak de Morgan tomonidan oʻrganilgan. Bu joy 1965-yildan 1979-yilgacha [[Tehron universiteti]] Arxeologiya institutining eronlik arxeologi Izzat Negahban boshchiligidagi guruh tomonidan qazilgan<ref>Abbas Alizadeh, "Review of 'Negahbaran, Ezat O., Excavations at Haft Tepe, Iran'", Journal of Near Eastern Studies, 54(4), pp. 293-296, 1995</ref><ref>Negahban, E.1991Excavations  at  Haft  Tepe.  University  Museum  Monographs  70.  Philadelphia:  University Museum, University of  Pennsylvania</ref><ref>Negahbaran, Ezat O. 1994 The Artist’s Workshop of Haft Tepe. Pp. 31–41 in Cinquante-deux reflexions sur le proche-orient ancien. Offertes en hommage à Léon De Meyer,ed. H. Gasche, M. Tan-ret, C. Janssen & A. Degraeve. Mesopotamian History and Environment, Occasional Publications II. Genth: University of  Genth</ref>. Oʻsha paytda gʻayrioddiy boʻlgan silindrli muhr bilan muhrlangan yuridik hujjat topildi:

<blockquote>„Suza shahrining shohi Išme-karāb, utukku jinni va Suza shahrini yomon koʻrar edi, u oʻz eshiklaridan tashqariga chiqib ketishiga sabab boʻlganida, muhrni berdi va keyin unga kuch berdi. U yoki sudda uning raqibi, agar ular kelishuvga yana bir bor eʼtiroz bildirsalar, Napiriša va Inšušinakning kidinnusi haqida gap ketgan Išme-karāb uning boshiga qoʻysin“<ref>Katrien De Graef., "The Seal of an Official or an Official Seal? The Use of Court Seals in Old Babylonian Susa and Haft Tepe", Journal of the American Oriental Society, vol. 138, no. 1, pp. 121–42, 2018</ref>.</blockquote>

[[File:Keramik aus Iran, Elamisches Totenportrait, Haft Tappe, um 1750 v.C.jpg|thumb|Sopol dafn haykali, Elam davriga oid. Tax. mil. avv. 1750-yil. Hafttepadan topilgan]]

2003-yildan beri qazishmalar nemis-eroniy arxeologlar guruhi, jumladan Mayns universiteti, Kil universiteti va Behzod Mofidiy boshchiligidagi Eron Madaniy meros tashkiloti tomonidan 2013-yilgacha oʻn mavsumda olib borildi<ref>B. Mofidi-Nasrabadi, Archäologische Untersuchungen in Haft Tape (Iran), Archäologische Mitteilungen aus Iran und Turan, vol. 35-36, pp. 225-239, 2003-04</ref><ref>Behzad Mofidi-Nasrabadi, Vorbericht der archäologischen Ausgrabungen der Kampagnen 2005-2007 in Haft Tappeh (Iran), Verlag, 2010, {{ISBN|978-3-89688-418-3}}</ref><ref>Mofidi-Nasrabadi, B, Vorbericht der archäologischen Untersuchungen in den Kampagnen 2008, 2009 und 2010 in Haft Tappeh (Iran), Elamica, vol. 2, pp. 55-159, 2012</ref><ref>Mofidi-Nasrabadi, B, Vorbericht der archäologischen Untersuchungen in den Kampagnen 2012-2013 in Haft Tappeh (Iran), Elamica, vol. 4, pp. 67-167, 2014</ref>.

2006-yilgi mavsumda bir qancha mixxat yozuvli maʼmuriy lavhalar topildi va hozirda ular nashr etilgan. Ular birinchi navbatda inventardir<ref>Prechel, D., Die Tontafeln aus Haft Tappeh 2005-2007, in: B. Mofidi-Nasrabadi, Vorbericht der archäologischen Ausgrabungen der Kampagnen 2005-2007 in Haft Tappeh (Iran), Münster, pp. 51-57, 2010</ref>. Bitta lavha Suza shohi Tepti-Aharning shoh muhri bilan muhrlangan va yil nomi „(mahalliy) podshoh Kadašman-dkur.galni qaytargan/quvib chiqargan yil“ deb yozilgan. Bu kimga tegishli ekanligi haqidagi taxminlar [[kassitlar]] hukmdori Kadashman-Enlil II yoki Kadashman-Harbe I dan tortib hatto Kassitlar sulolasiga kirmagan mahalliy kassitlar hukmdorigacha boʻlgan<ref>Roaf, Michael. "Kassite and Elamite Kings", Volume 1 Karduniaš. Babylonia under the Kassites 1, edited by Alexa Bartelmus and Katja Sternitzke, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, pp. 166-195, 2017</ref><ref>Cole, S. W., & De Meyer, L., "Tepti-ahar, King of Susa, and Kadašman-dKUR.GAL", Akkadica, 112, pp. 44-45, 1999</ref>.

[[File:Keramik aus Iran, Funde aus Tappe Haftawan, Urmia-Ware, um 1750 v.C.jpg|thumb|Hafttepadan topilgan sopol buyumlar. Urmiya buyumlari, tax. mil. avv. 1750-yil]]

[[Fransuzlar|Fransuz]] [[Arxeologiya|arxeologlari]] Suzada ishlayotganida, ishchilar oʻzlari topgan narsalarni topshirishdi. Baʼzilari, xususan quyidagi yozuvli gʻisht Hafttepaga tegishli deb oʻylamaydilar:

<blockquote> „Suza shohi Tepti-ahar oʻziga va oʻzi inoyatli boʻlgan choʻrilariga hamda oʻzi uchun va u muruvvat koʻrsatgan choʻrilariga shafoat qiladigan shafoatchi ayollarga haykal yasadi; u pishiq gʻishtdan bir uy qurdi va uni hojasi Inšušinakka berdi, Inšušinak umri davomida unga iltifot koʻrsatsin. Kech tushganda, uyning qoʻriqchilaridan toʻrt ayol… Ular oltinni talashmasliklari uchun birgalikda harakat qilmasliklari kerak; ularning kiyimlari iplar bilan bogʻlangan boʻlishi kerak; ular kirib, lamassu- va karibu-figuralarning oyoqlari ostida uxlashlari kerak; ular kerak…“<ref>E. Reiner, "Inscription from a Royal Elamite Tomb", Archiv für Orientforschung, vol. 24, pp. 87–102, 1973</ref></blockquote>

== Manbalar ==
{{manbalar}}

== Adabiyotlar ==
*Amiet, Pierre, "Observations sur les sceaux de haft-tepe (Kabnak)", Revue d’Assyriologie et d’archéologie Orientale, vol. 90, no. 2, pp. 135–43, 1996
*Álvarez-Mon, Javier, and Yasmina Wicks, "Elamite war chariots and military equipment at ancient Kabnak (ca. 1400 BCE)", Journal of Cuneiform Studies 73.1, pp. 121-134, 2021
* [https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/77998/HaftTepe.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y]Beckman, G., "A stray tablet from Haft Tépé", IrAnt 26, pp. 81–83, 1991
*Daneshmand, Parsa, "An Extispicy Text from Haft-Tappe", Journal of Cuneiform Studies, vol. 56, pp. 13–17, 2004
* Glassner, J. J., "Les textes de Haft Tépé, la Susiane et l’Élam au II millénaire", pp. 109–126 in Mesopotamie et Elam,ed. L. De Meyer & H. Gasche. Mesopotamian History and Environment, Occasional Publications I. Genth: University of  Genth, 1991
* P. Herrero and J. J Glassner, "Haft-Tépé: Choix de textes I", Iranica Antiqua, vol. 25, pp. 1–45, 1990
* P. Herrero and J. J Glassner, "Haft-Tépé: Choix de textes II", Iranica Antiqua, vol. 26, pp. 39–80, 1991
* P. Herrero and J. J Glassner, "Haft-Tépé: Choix de textes III", Iranica Antiqua, vol. 28, pp. 97–135, 1993
* P. Herrero and J. J Glassner, "Haft-Tépé: Choix de textes IV", Iranica Antiqua, vol. 31, pp. 51–82, 1996
*Mofidi-Nasrabadi, Behzad, "Ergebnisse der C14-Datierung der Proben aus Haft Tappeh", Elamica 5, pp. 7-36, 2015
*Mofidi-Nasrabadi, Behzad, "Some chronological aspects of the building structures at Haft Tappeh", Susa and Elam. Archaeological, Philological, Historical and Geographical Perspectives. Brill, pp. 161-172, 2013
* Izzat Allāh Nigāhbān, "Excavations at Haft Tepe", Iran, University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology, 1991, {{ISBN|0-934718-89-X}}
*Oudbashi, Omid, and S. Mohammadamin Emami, "A Note on the Corrosion Morphology of Some Middle Elamite Copper Alloy Artefacts from Haft Tappeh, South-West Iran", Studies in Conservation, vol. 55, no. 1, pp. 20–25, 2010
*Rafiei-Alavi, Babak, Faranak Bahrololoumi, and Sabine Klein, "Three Women from Elam: A Revision of the Haft Tappeh Metal Plaque", Bulletin of the American Society of Overseas Research 387.1, pp. 171-180, 2022
*Tamm, Alexandr, "Pie Crust rattles of the Ancient Near East with a focus on the find from Haft Tappeh (Iran)", Elamica 3, pp. 133-170, 2013
*Mofidi Nasrabadi, B, "Chronological order of the Elamite pottery from Haft Tappeh", Elamica 6, pp. 97-118, 2016

== Havolalar == 
* [http://www.staff.uni-mainz.de/mofidi/Hafttape,english/projects.html Archaeological Research at Haft Tappeh - University of Mainz] .

{{Xuziston ustoni | state = collapsed}}
[[Turkum:Eronning arxeologik manzilgohlari]]
[[Turkum:Elam]]
[[Turkum:Xuziston ustoni tarixi]]
[[Turkum:Xuziston ustonidagi bino va inshootlar]]