Henry Hallett Dale sahifasining manbasini koʻrish

'''Sir Henry Hallett Dale''' <ref name="frs">{{Cite journal | last1 = Feldberg | first1 = W. S.| author-link = Wilhelm Feldberg| doi = 10.1098/rsbm.1970.0006 | title = Henry Hallett Dale. 1875–1968 | journal = [[Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society]] | volume = 16 | pages = 77–174 | year = 1970 | pmid =  11615480| s2cid = 7383038}}</ref> (1875-yil 9-iyun - 1968-yil 23-iyul) ingliz farmakologi va fiziologi<ref name="tilliphd">{{cite thesis|degree=PhD|publisher=University of London|url=http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/165642/|title=The early scientific career of Sir Henry Dale FRS (1875–1968)|first=Elizabeth M.|author-link=Tilli Tansey|last=Tansey|date=1990|id={{EThOS|uk.bl.ethos.294137}}|website=ucl.ac.uk|oclc=556469190}}</ref>. Nerv impulslarining kimyoviy uzatilishida (neyrotransmissiya) agent sifatida atsetilxolinni o'rgangani uchun u 1936-yilda fiziologiya yoki tibbiyot bo'yicha Nobel mukofotini Otto Lyovi bilan baham ko'rdi<ref>{{Cite journal 
| last1 = Halpern | first1 = B. 
| title = Obituary notice: Henry Hallet Dale 
| journal = Revue française d'allergologie 
| volume = 9 
| issue = 2 
| pages = 117–119 
| year = 1969 
| pmid = 4896522
 | doi=10.1016/s0370-4688(69)80008-6
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal 
| last1 = Vogt | first1 = M. 
| title = Obituary. Sir Henry Hallett Dale, O.M., F.R.S 
| journal = International Journal of Neuropharmacology 
| volume = 8 
| issue = 2 
| pages = 83–84 
| year = 1969 
| pmid = 4890938
| doi = 10.1016/0028-3908(69)90001-X 
}}</ref><ref name="dsb">{{DSB
|first=William
|last=Bynum
|title=Dale, Henry Hallett
|volume=15
|pages=104–107
}}</ref><ref>Abigail O'Sullivan: Henry Dale's Nobel Prize winning 'discovery'. ''Minerva'', 2001; 38: 409–424. {{ISBN missing}}</ref><ref>Sabbatini, R.M.E.: [http://www.cerebromente.org.br/n17/history/neurons5_i.htm Neurons and synapses. The history of its discovery. IV. Chemical transmission] {{Webarxiv|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012062426/http://www.cerebromente.org.br/n17/history/neurons5_i.htm |date=2007-10-12 }}. ''Brain & Mind'', 2004.</ref>.

== Erta hayot va ta'lim ==
Henry Hallett Dale [[London|Londonning]] Islington shahrida Staffordshirelik kulolchilik mahsulotlarini ishlab chiqaruvchi Charlz James Dale va uning rafiqasi, mebel ishlab chiqaruvchisining qizi Frensis Enn Hallett oilasida tug'ilgan<ref name="frs"/><ref name=odnb>Feldberg W, rev. Tansey EM (2004–2011). [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/32694 Dale, Sir Henry Hallett (1875–1968)], ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography'', Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, Jan 2011. Retrieved 2011-07-08. {{doi|10.1093/ref:odnb/32694 }}</ref>. Henry yetti farzandning uchinchisi edi, ulardan biri (uning ukasi Benjamin Dale) yetuk bastakor va Qirollik musiqa akademiyasining nazoratchisiga aylandi. Henry mahalliy Tollington Park kollejida<ref>{{acad|id=DL894HH|name=Dale, Henry Hallett}}</ref>, keyin esa Cambridgedagi Leys maktabida (maktab uylaridan biri uning nomi bilan atalgan) tahsil olgan va 1894-yilda Kembrijdagi Triniti kollejiga o‘qishga kirib, fiziolog Jon Lengli qo‘l ostida ishlagan. 1903-yilda bir necha oy Germaniyaning Frankfurt shahrida Pol Erlix qo‘lida ham tahsil oldi. Shuningdek, 1903-yilda Dale Ernest Starling va Uilyam Beylissga itni jonlantirishda yordam berdi, itning oshqozon osti bezini olib tashladi va keyin itni pichoq bilan o'ldirdi, bu esa oxir-oqibat Qo'ng'ir it ishi voqealariga olib keldi. Dale 1909-yilda Kembrijda tibbiyot doktori ilmiy darajasini oldi<ref name=dalebio>{{Nobelprize|accessdate=1 May 2020}}</ref><ref name=tilliphd/>.

== Karyera va tadqiqot ==
London Universitet kollejida ishlayotganida, u Otto Lyui bilan tanishib, do'stlashdi. Dale 1914-yilda Londondagi Milliy Tibbiy tadqiqotlar institutida biokimyo va farmakologiya bo'limi direktori bo'ldi. 1942-yilda Qirollik institutida kimyo bo'yicha Fullerian professori bo'ldi<ref name="fuller">{{veb manbasi|url=http://www.johnmadjackfuller.homestead.com/fullerianprofessors.html|title=Fullerian Professorships}}</ref>. Ikkinchi jahon urushi-yillarida u Vazirlar Mahkamasining ilmiy maslahat kengashida ishlagan.

Dale va uning hamkasblari birinchi marta 1914-yilda atsetilxolinni mumkin bo'lgan neyrotransmitter sifatida aniqlagan bo'lsa-da, Loui uning asab tizimidagi ahamiyatini ko'rsatdi. Ikki kishi 1936-yilda tibbiyot bo'yicha Nobel mukofotiga sazovor bo'lishdi.

1940-yillarda Dale sinapsdagi signalizatsiya tabiati haqidagi ilmiy munozaralarga aralashdi. Dale va boshqalar sinapsdagi signalning kimyoviy ekanligiga ishonishgan, Jon Keru Ekkls va boshqalar esa sinaps elektr ekanligiga ishonishgan. Keyinchalik ma'lum bo'lishicha, koʻpchilik sinaptik signalizatsiya kimyoviydir, ammo ba'zi bir elektr sinapslari mavjud.

Dale, shuningdek, neyronlarni ular chiqaradigan neyrotransmitterlarga ko'ra farqlash uchun ishlatiladigan sxemani yaratdi. Shunday qilib, noradrenalinni chiqaradigan neyronlar (AQShda norepinefrin nomi bilan tanilgan) noradrenergik, GABA ni chiqaradigan neyronlar GABAergik va hokazo. Bu Dale printsipi deb ataladi (ba'zan noto'g'ri Dale qonuni deb ataladi), uning talqinlaridan biri har bir neyron faqat bitta turdagi neyrotransmitterni chiqaradi. Dale printsipining bu alohida talqini noto'g'ri ekanligi ko'rsatildi, chunki koʻplab neyronlar atsetilxolin yoki biogen aminlar kabi klassik neyrotransmitterlarga qo'shimcha ravishda neyropeptidlar va aminokislotalarni chiqaradi (qarang: kotransmissiya). Koʻp sonli neyrotransmitterlar bir xil neyron tomonidan chiqarilishi mumkinligi haqidagi bu topilma "birga yashash printsipi" deb ataladi. Bu hodisa eng koʻp shved neyroanatomisti va neyrofarmakologi Tomas Xökfelt tomonidan mashhur bo'lib, u "birga yashash tamoyilining otasi" hisoblanadi.

1938 va 1960-yillar orasida Dale Wellcome Trust raisi bo'lib ishlagan<ref name="rigb">{{veb manbasi|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308073744/http://rigb.org/our-history/people/d/henry-hallett-dale|archive-date=2016-03-08|url=http://rigb.org/our-history/people/d/henry-hallett-dale|publisher=Royal Institution|website=rigb.org|location=London|title=Biography of Henry Hallett Dale (1875–1968)|author=Anon|year=2015}}</ref>.

=== Mukofot va unvonlar ===
Dale 1914-yilda Qirollik jamiyati (FRS) a'zosi etib saylangan<ref name="frs" />. 1926-yilda Edinburg universitetining Terapevtika bo'yicha Kemeron mukofotiga sazovor bo'ldi. U 1932-yilda ritsar unvoniga sazovor bo'lgan, 1943-yilda Buyuk Britaniya imperiyasi ordeni va 1944-yilda "Buyuk xizmatlari uchun" ordeni bilan taqdirlangan. U 1940-yildan 1945-yilgacha Qirollik jamiyati prezidenti va 1948-yildan Qirollik Tibbiyot jamiyati prezidenti bo'lib ishlagan. 1950-yilgacha. Wellcome Trustning ser Henry Dale stipendiyalari uning sharafiga nomlanadi va Endokrinologiya jamiyati har-yili uning sharafiga Dale medali bilan taqdirlanadi<ref>{{Veb manbasi|url=http://www.endocrinology.org/grants-and-awards/prizes-and-awards/medals/|title=Medals &#124; Society for Endocrinology}}</ref><ref>{{veb manbasi|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160622232738/https://wellcome.ac.uk/funding/sir-henry-dale-fellowships|archive-date=2016-06-22|url=https://wellcome.ac.uk/funding/sir-henry-dale-fellowships|website=wellcome.ac.uk|publisher=[[Wellcome Trust]]|location=London|title=Sir Henry Dale Fellowships|author=Anon|year=2016}}</ref>.

== Shaxsiy hayoti ==
1904-yilda Dale o'zining birinchi amakivachchasi Elen Xarriet Hallettga uylandi va bir o'g'il va ikki qiz tug'di. Ularning qizlaridan biri Alison Sara Dale Aleksandr R. Toddga turmushga chiqdi, u ham Nobel mukofotini qoʻlga kiritdi va 1940—1945-yillarda Qirollik jamiyati prezidenti boʻlib ishladi. Dalelar 1919—1942-yillarda Mount Vernon Houseda yashagan<ref name="HibbertWeinreb2010">{{cite book|author1=Christopher Hibbert|author2=Ben Weinreb|author3=John Keay|author4=Julia Keay|title=The London Encyclopaedia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sAA9olZqPSMC&pg=PA563|year=2010|publisher=[[Macmillan Publishers]]|isbn=978-1-4050-4925-2|pages=563–}}</ref>. Dalesning uydagi rezidensiyasi 1981-yilda uyning bog' devoriga o'rnatilgan Buyuk London kengashining ko'k lavhasi bilan belgilanadi<ref name="EHDale">{{veb manbasi|title=DALE, Sir Henry (1875–1968)|url=https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/blue-plaques/henry-dale/|publisher=[[English Heritage]]|access-date=4 July 2020}}</ref>.

<gallery mode="packed">
Fayl:Henry Hallett Dale as child.jpg|Dale bolaligida
Fayl:Henry Hallett Dale 1904.jpg|Dale 1904-yilda
Fayl:Henry Hallett Dale 1918.jpg|Dale 1918-yilda
Fayl:Henry Dale and wife.jpg|Dale ayoli bilan
Fayl:Son of Henry Hallett Dale.jpg|Henry Xellet Dalening o'g'li
Fayl:DaleNobel20040420.jpg|Dalening Nobel mukofoti diplomi, London Qirollik jamiyatida namoyish etilgan.
Fayl:Dale-Schuster pump.jpg|Dale-Schuster qon pompasi
</gallery>

==Manbalar==
{{Manbalar|35em}}

==External links==
* including the Nobel Lecture, 12 December 1936 ''Some Recent Extensions of the Chemical Transmission of the Effects of Nerve Impulses''
{{Commons category}}

{{Tashqi havolalar}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dale, Henry Hallett}}
[[Category:1875 births]]
[[Category:1968 deaths]]
[[Category:People educated at The Leys School]]
[[Category:Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge]]
[[Category:English neuroscientists]]
[[Category:English pharmacologists]]
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[[Category:Nobel laureates in Physiology or Medicine]]
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[[Turkum:Britaniyalik Nobel mukofoti laureatlari]]