Imperator Chjengde sahifasining manbasini koʻrish

==== Portugaliyaga qarshi Xitoy-Malay ittifoqi ====
Malayziya [[Malakka sultonligi|Malakka sultonligining]] vassal davlati va [[Min (sulola)|Min Xitoyining]] ittifoqchisi edi. 1511-yilda Portugaliya Malakkani bosib olib, Malay sultonligiga nisbatan vahshiylik qilganida, Xitoy Portugaliyaga kuch ishlatish bilan javob qaytardi.

Min hukumati [[Guanchjou|Guanchjouda]] bir nechta portugal elchilarini qiynoqqa solib, qamoqqa tashladi va keyinroq qatl qildi. Malakkaliklar xitoyliklarga Portugaliya Malakkani egallab olgani haqida xabar berishdi. Bunga xitoyliklar portugallarga nisbatan dushmanlik bilan javob berishdi. Malakkaliklar xitoyliklarga portugallarning hiyla-nayranglari, jumladan hududni zabt etish rejalarini oddiy savdo faoliyati ortida yashirishlari va portugallar tomonidan sodir etilgan barcha vahshiyliklar haqida gapirib berishdi<ref>{{Kitob manbasi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZOc-AQAAIAAJ|title=Barbarians and mandarins: thirteen centuries of Western travelers in China|year=1976|last=Nigel Cameron|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-09229-4|quote=envoy, had most effectively poured out his tale of woe, of deprivation at the hands of the Portuguese in Malacca; and he had backed up the tale with others concerning the reprehensible Portuguese methods in the Moluccas, making the case (quite truthfully) that European trading visits were no more than the prelude to annexation of territory. With the tiny sea power at this time available to the Chinese|page=143}}</ref>.

Malakka sultoni Portugaliya bosqiniga qarshi imperator Chjengdega shikoyat qilganligi sababli, portugallar Xitoyga kelganlarida xitoylar tomonidan dushmanlik bilan kutib olindi<ref>{{Kitob manbasi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BeDKqPTeHnUC&pg=PA11|title=Readings on Islam in Southeast Asia|year=1985|editor=Ahmad Ibrahim|publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies|isbn=978-9971-988-08-1|quote=in China was far from friendly; this, it seems, had something to do with the complaint which the ruler of Malacca, conquered by the Portuguese in 1511, had lodged with the Chinese emperor, his suzerain.|page=11}}</ref><ref>{{Kitob manbasi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mz4iAQAAMAAJ|title=Bijdragen tot de taal-, land- en volkenkunde, Part 124|year=1968|last=Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde (Netherlands)|publisher=M. Nijhoff|quote=The reception in China was far from friendly; this, it seems, had something to do with the complaint which the ruler of Malacca, conquered by the Portuguese in 1511, had lodged with the Chinese emperor, his suzerain.|page=446}}</ref><ref>{{Kitob manbasi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KS8KAQAAIAAJ|title=Bijdragen tot de taal-, land- en volkenkunde|year=1968|quote=The reception in China was far from friendly; this, it seems, had something to do with the complaint which the ruler of Malacca, conquered by the Portuguese in 1511, had lodged with the Chinese emperor, his suzerain.|page=446}}</ref><ref>{{Kitob manbasi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4tHXAAAAMAAJ|title=The propagation of Islam in the Indonesian-Malay archipelago|year=2001|last=Alijah Gordon, Malaysian Sociological Research Institute|publisher=Malaysian Sociological Research Institute|isbn=978-983-99866-2-4|quote=His reception in China was far from friendly; this, it seems, had something to do with the complaint which the ruler of Melaka, conquered by the Portuguese in 1511, had lodged with the Chinese emperor, his suzerain.|page=136}}</ref><ref>{{Kitob manbasi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8FPjAAAAMAAJ|title=Bijdragen tot de taal-, land- en volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indië|year=1968|last=Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch Indië, Hague|publisher=M. Nijhoff|quote=The reception in China was far from friendly; this, it seems, had something to do with the complaint which the ruler of Malacca, conquered by the Portuguese in 1511, had lodged with the Chinese emperor, his suzerain.|page=446}}</ref>. Malakkadan qochib, Bintanda joylashgan Malakka sultoni xitoylarga xabar yubordi. Bu xabar Xitoydagi portugallarga nisbatan zoʻravonlik faoliyati bilan birgalikda 23 portugallikni qatl qilish, qolganlarini esa qamoqxonalarda qiynoqqa solishga sabab boʻldi. Portugaliyaliklar Xitoyda savdo qilish uchun nazorat postlari oʻrnatib, Xitoyda qaroqchilik faoliyati bilan shugʻullana boshlaganlariga xitoyliklar Ningbo va Quanchjouda portugallarni butunlay yoʻq qilish bilan javob qaytardilar<ref>{{Kitob manbasi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B9jOp9SlQIwC&pg=PA226|title=Islands and Empires: Western Impact on the Pacific and East Asia|year=1976|last=Ernest S. Dodge|publisher=U of Minnesota Press|isbn=978-0-8166-0853-9|quote=The inexcusable behavior of the Portuguese, combined with the ill-chosen language of the letters which Pires presented to the celestial emperor, supplemented by a warning from the Malay sultan of Bintan, persuaded the Chinese that Pires was indeed up to no good|page=226}}</ref>. Portugaliyaning savdo elchisi Pires ham Xitoy zindonlarida oʻlganlar qatorida edi<ref>{{Kitob manbasi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MkBwAAAAMAAJ|title=The Chinese, their history and culture|year=1964|last=Kenneth Scott Latourette|publisher=Macmillan|edition=4, reprint|quote=The Moslem ruler of Malacca, whom they had dispossessed, complained of them to the Chinese authorities. A Portuguese envoy, Pires, who reached Peking in 1520 was treated as a spy, was conveyed by imperial order to Canton|page=235}}(the University of Michigan)</ref><ref>{{Kitob manbasi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ixAhAAAAMAAJ|title=The Chinese, their history and culture|year=1942|last=Kenneth Scott Latourette|publisher=Macmillan|edition=2|quote=The Moslem ruler of Malacca, whom they had dispossessed, complained of them to the Chinese authorities. A Portuguese envoy, Pires, who reached Peking in 1520 was treated as a spy, was conveyed by imperial order to Canton|page=313}}</ref><ref>{{Kitob manbasi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=llo-AQAAIAAJ|title=Spices: The story of spices. The spices described|year=1969|last=John William Parry|publisher=Chemical Pub. Co.|quote=Fernao Pires de Andrade reached Peking, China, in 1520, but unfortunately for that Portuguese envoy, he was treated as a spy and died in a Cantonese prison.|page=102}}</ref>.

1521-yilda Tunmen jangida xitoyliklar portugal flotini magʻlubiyatga uchratib, koʻplab portugallarni oʻldirishdi va asirga olishdi. Portugallar  faqat uchta kema bilan chekinishga majbur boʻlib, Malakkaga qochib ketishdi. Xitoy yakuniy hujum boshlaganda shamol Xitoy kemalarini tarqatib yubordi<ref>{{Kitob manbasi|accessdate=14-dekabr 2011-yil|quote=In the meantime, after the departure of Simão de Andrade, the ship Madalena, which belonged to D. Nuno Manuel, coming from Lisbon under the command of Diogo Calvo, arrived at Tamão with some other vessels from Malacca, among them the junk of Jorge Álvares, which the year before could not sail with Simão de Andrade's fleet, because she had sprung a leak..., the Chinese seized Vasco Calvo, a brother of Diogo Calvo, and other Portuguese who were in Canton trading ashore. On 27 June 1521 Duarte Coelho arrived with two junks at Tamão. Besides capturing some of the Portuguese vessels, the Chinese blockaded Diogo Calvoʻs ship and four other Portuguese vessels in Tamão with a large fleet of armed junks. A few weeks later Ambrósio do Rego arrived with two other ships. As many of the Portuguese crews had been killed in the fighting, slaughtered afterwards or taken prisoners, by this time there was not enough Portuguese for all the vessels, and thus Calvo, Coelho, and Rego resolved to abandon the junks in order the batteter to man the three ships. They set sail on 7 September and were attacked by the Chinese fleet, managing however to escape, thanks to a providential gale which scattered the enemy junks, and arrived at Malacca in October 1521. Vieira mentions other junks which arrived in China with Portuguese aboard; all were attacked, and the entire crews were killed fighting or were taken prisoners and slaughtered later.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h82D-Y0E3TwC&pg=PR40|title=The Suma oriental of Tome Pires: an account of the East, from the Red Sea to China, written in Malacca and India in 1512–1515 ; and, The book of Francisco Rodrigues : Pilot-Major of the armada that discovered Banda and the Moluccas : rutter of a voyage in the red sea, nautical rules, almanack...|last=Tomé Pires|editor=Armando Cortesão|edition=illustrated, reprint|year=1990|publisher=Asian Educational Services|isbn=978-81-206-0535-0|page=xl}}</ref>.

Xitoyliklar Portugaliya elchisini garovda ushlab turib, portugaliyaliklardan taxtdan agʻdarilgan Malakka sultonini (qirol) oʻz taxtiga qaytarishni talab qilishda elchilardan savdolashish vositasi sifatida foydalanishdi<ref>{{Kitob manbasi|accessdate=14-dekabr 2011-yil|quote=Finally Pires and his companions left Peking on 22 May and arrived in Canton on 22 September 1521. Francisco de Budoia died during the journey. From Peking instructions were sent to Canton that the ambassador and his suite should be kept in custody, and that only after the Portuguese had evacuated Malacca and returned it to its king, a vassal of the Emperor of China, would the members of the embassy be liberated.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h82D-Y0E3TwC&pg=PR40|title=The Suma oriental of Tome Pires: an account of the East, from the Red Sea to China, written in Malacca and India in 1512–1515 ; and, The book of Francisco Rodrigues : Pilot-Major of the armada that discovered Banda and the Moluccas : rutter of a voyage in the red sea, nautical rules, almanack...|last=Tomé Pires|editor=Armando Cortesão|edition=illustrated|year=1990|publisher=Asian Educational Services|isbn=978-81-206-0535-0|page=xl}}</ref>.

Xitoyliklar bir nechta portugaliyaliklarni kaltaklash va boʻgʻish, qolganlarini qiynoqqa solish orqali qatl qilishbni boshladilar. Ba'zi portugal mahbuslari temir zanjirlarga bogʻlangan holda qamoqxonada saqlanardi<ref>{{Kitob manbasi|accessdate=14-dekabr 2011-yil|quote=But many others died in prison, some of hunger, many strangled, 'after carrying boards stating that they should die as sea-robbers', one struck on the head with a mallet, and others beaten to death. Pires and his companions arrived at Canton a fortnight after the three Portuguese ships had escaped from Tamão, and they found themselves in a most difficult position... "Tomé Pires replied that he had not come for that purpose, nor was it meet for him to discuss such a matter; that it would be evident from the letter he had brought that he had no knowledge of anything else.... With these questions he kept us on our knees for four hours; and when he had tired himself out, he sent each one back to the prison in which he was kept. On 14 August 1522 the Pochanci put fetters on the hands of Tomé Pires, and on those of the company he put fetters, and irons on their feet|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h82D-Y0E3TwC&pg=PR40|title=The Suma oriental of Tome Pires: an account of the East, from the Red Sea to China, written in Malacca and India in 1512–1515 ; and, The book of Francisco Rodrigues : Pilot-Major of the armada that discovered Banda and the Moluccas : rutter of a voyage in the red sea, nautical rules, almanack...|last=Tomé Pires|editor=Armando Cortesão|edition=illustrated|year=1990|publisher=Asian Educational Services|isbn=978-81-206-0535-0|page=xli}}</ref>. Xitoyliklar Portugallarning barcha mol-mulki va Pires elchiligining ham mol-mulkini musodara qildilar<ref>{{Kitob manbasi|accessdate=14-dekabr 2011-yil|quote=clerks who were present wrote down ten and stole three hundred... The goods that they took from us were twenty [[quintal]]s of rhubarb, one thousand five hundred or six hundred rich pieces of silk, a matter of four thousand silk handkerchiefs which the Chinese call [[sheu-pa]] ([[xopas]]) of Nanking, and many fans, and also three [[arroba]]s of musk in [[powerder]], one thousand three hundred pods of musk, four thousand odd [[tael]]s of silver and seventy or eighty taels of gold and other pieces of silver, and all the cloths|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h82D-Y0E3TwC&pg=PR40|title=The Suma oriental of Tome Pires: an account of the East, from the Red Sea to China, written in Malacca and India in 1512–1515 ; and, The book of Francisco Rodrigues : Pilot-Major of the armada that discovered Banda and the Moluccas : rutter of a voyage in the red sea, nautical rules, almanack...|last=Tomé Pires|editor=Armando Cortesão|edition=illustrated|year=1990|publisher=Asian Educational Services|isbn=978-81-206-0535-0|page=xlii}}</ref>.

1522-yilda Martim Afonso de Merlo Koutino diplomatik munosabatlar oʻrnatish uchun yuborilgan portugal flotining qoʻmondoni etib tayinlandi<ref>{{Kitob manbasi|accessdate=14-dekabr 2011-yil|quote=Meanwhile from India, where the news of this state of affairs had not yet arrived, another fleet of four ships under the command of Martim Afonso de Merlo Coutinho sailed for China in April 1522. Countinho had left Lisbon just one year before, commissioned by Dom Manuel with a message of good-will to the Emperor of China, for which purpose he carried another ambassador with him.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h82D-Y0E3TwC&pg=PR40|title=The Suma oriental of Tome Pires: an account of the East, from the Red Sea to China, written in Malacca and India in 1512–1515 ; and, The book of Francisco Rodrigues : Pilot-Major of the armada that discovered Banda and the Moluccas : rutter of a voyage in the red sea, nautical rules, almanack...|last=Tomé Pires|editor=Armando Cortesão|edition=illustrated|year=1990|publisher=Asian Educational Services|isbn=978-81-206-0535-0|page=xlii}}</ref>. Xitoyliklar Shancaowan jangida Koutinyo boshchiligidagi Portugaliya kemalarini magʻlub etishdi. Jang paytida koʻplab portugallar asir olindi va kemalar yoʻq qilindi. Portugallar Malakkaga chekinishga majbur boʻlishdi<ref>{{Kitob manbasi|accessdate=14-dekabr 2011-yil|quote=Coutinhoʻs fleet of six sail left Malacca on 10 July and arrived at Tamão in August 1522. They were soon attacked by the Chinese fleet. The Portuguese had many men killed and taken prisoners, two ships and the junk were lost, and after vain efforts to re-establish relations with the Cantonese authorities, Coutinho returned with the other ships to Malacca, where he arrived in the middle of October 1522. Though some chroniclers put the blame on the Chinese, Chang quotes Chinese sources which assert that the Portuguese should be held responsible for the outbreak of hostilities.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h82D-Y0E3TwC&pg=PR40|title=The Suma oriental of Tome Pires: an account of the East, from the Red Sea to China, written in Malacca and India in 1512–1515 ; and, The book of Francisco Rodrigues : Pilot-Major of the armada that discovered Banda and the Moluccas : rutter of a voyage in the red sea, nautical rules, almanack...|last=Tomé Pires|editor=Armando Cortesão|edition=illustrated|year=1990|publisher=Asian Educational Services|isbn=978-81-206-0535-0|page=xliii}}</ref><ref>{{Kitob manbasi|accessdate=14-dekabr 2011-yil|quote=On fol. 108v. it is stated that Martim Afonso de Melo Coutinho went from Malacca to China in 1521, but in fol. 121 it is correctly said that he arrived in 1522.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h82D-Y0E3TwC|title=The Suma oriental of Tome Pires: an account of the East, from the Red Sea to China, written in Malacca and India in 1512–1515 ; and, The book of Francisco Rodrigues : Pilot-Major of the armada that discovered Banda and the Moluccas : rutter of a voyage in the red sea, nautical rules, almanack...|last=Tomé Pires|editor=Armando Cortesão|edition=illustrated|year=1990|publisher=Asian Educational Services|isbn=978-81-206-0535-0|page=xlvi}}</ref>.

Xitoyliklar Portugaliyaliklardan taxtdan agʻdarilgan Malakka sultonini taxtga qaytarishni talab qilib, Piresni vatandoshlariga xat yozishga majbur qildilar. Malayziyaning Xitoydagi vakili maktubni yetkazishi kerak edi<ref>{{Kitob manbasi|accessdate=14-dekabr 2011-yil|quote=According to Vieira the mandarins again ordered that Pires should write a letter to the King of Portugal, which the ambassador of the ex-king of Malacca should take to Malacca, in order that his country and people might be returned to their former master; if a satisfactory reply did not come, the Portuguese ambassador would not return. A draft letter in Chinese was sent to the imprisoned Portuguese, from which they wrote three letters, for King Manuel, the Governor of India and the Captain of Malacca. These letters were delivered to the Cantonese authorities on 1 October 1522. The Malay ambassador was not anxious to be the courier, nor was it easy to find another. At last a junk with fifteen Malays and fifteen Chinese sailed from Canton on 31 May 1523 and reached Pattani.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h82D-Y0E3TwC&pg=PR40|title=The Suma oriental of Tome Pires: an account of the East, from the Red Sea to China, written in Malacca and India in 1512–1515 ; and, The book of Francisco Rodrigues : Pilot-Major of the armada that discovered Banda and the Moluccas : rutter of a voyage in the red sea, nautical rules, almanack...|last=Tomé Pires|editor=Armando Cortesão|edition=illustrated|year=1990|publisher=Asian Educational Services|isbn=978-81-206-0535-0|page=xliii}}</ref>.

Xitoyliklar Malakkaning taxtdan tushirilgan sultoniga asirga olingan Portugaliya elchisining taqdiri haqida xabar yubordilar. Sultonning javobini olgach, xitoylik amaldorlar Portugaliya elchisini qatl qilishga kirishdilar. Ularning jasadlarini bir necha boʻlaklarga boʻlishdi. Jinsiy a'zolari ogʻizlariga solishdi. Portugaliya xitoylar nazarida ahamiyatsiz ekanligini koʻrsatish uchun bir qancha portugallar [[Guanchjou|Guanchjouning]] koʻplab hududlarida omma oldida qatl etildi<ref>{{Kitob manbasi|accessdate=14-dekabr 2011-yil|quote=A message came to the king of Bintang from his ambassador [in Canton], and the man who brought it soon returned. The report which the king of Bintang was spreading in the country is that the Chinese intended to come against Malacca. This is not very certain, though there are things that may happen The man who brought a message to the king of Bintang 'soon returned', says Jorge de Albuquerque. Vieira tells us that the junk 'returned with a message from the king of Malacca, and reached Canton on 5 September' (fol.110V.)... 'On the day of St. Nicholas [6 Dec.] in the year 1522 they put boards on them [the Portuguese prisoners] with the sentence that they should die and be exposed in pillories as robbers. The sentences said: "Petty sea robbers sent by the great robber falsely; they come to spy out our country; let them die in pillories as robbers." a report was sent to the king according to the information of the mandarins, and the king confirmed the sentence. On 23 September 1523 these twenty-three persons were each one cut in pieces, to wit, heads, legs, arms, and their private members placed in their mouths, the trunk of the body being divided into two pieces around the belly. In the streets of Canton|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h82D-Y0E3TwC|title=The Suma oriental of Tome Pires: an account of the East, from the Red Sea to China, written in Malacca and India in 1512–1515 ; and, The book of Francisco Rodrigues : Pilot-Major of the armada that discovered Banda and the Moluccas : rutter of a voyage in the red sea, nautical rules, almanack...|last=Tomé Pires|editor=Armando Cortesão|edition=illustrated|year=1990|publisher=Asian Educational Services|isbn=978-81-206-0535-0|page=xliv}}</ref>. Xitoyga kelgan portugal kemalari xitoylar tomonidan qoʻlga olinib, xitoyliklar ularni ham qatl qildilar, jinsiy a'zolarni kesishdi, jasadlarning boshlarini kesib, boshqa asirlarni ularning terisini kiyishga majbur qilishdi. Bu holatlarni xitoyliklar musiqa bilan nishonlashdi. Jinsiy a'zolar va boshlar omma oldida uchun oʻralgan holda koʻrsatildi, shundan soʻng ular tashlab yuborildi<ref>{{Kitob manbasi|accessdate=14-dekabr 2011-yil|quote=both those of Canton and those of the environs, in order to give them to understand that they thought nothing of the Portuguese, so that the people might not talk about Portuguese. Thus our ships were captured through two captains not agreeing, and so all in the ships were taken, they were all killed, and their heads and private members were carried on the backs of the Portuguese in front of the Mandarin of Canton with the playing of musical instruments and rejoicing, were exhibited suspended in the streets, and were then thrown into the dunghills.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h82D-Y0E3TwC|title=The Suma oriental of Tome Pires: an account of the East, from the Red Sea to China, written in Malacca and India in 1512–1515 ; and, The book of Francisco Rodrigues : Pilot-Major of the armada that discovered Banda and the Moluccas : rutter of a voyage in the red sea, nautical rules, almanack...|last=Tomé Pires|editor=Armando Cortesão|edition=illustrated|year=1990|publisher=Asian Educational Services|isbn=978-81-206-0535-0|page=xlv}}</ref>.