Kale (karam navi) sahifasining manbasini koʻrish

'''Kale''' ({{IPAc-en|k|eɪ|l}}) yoki '''bargli karam''', isteʼmol qilinadigan [[Sabzavot|barglari]] uchun yetishtiriladigan karam (''[[Brassica oleracea]]'') [[Nav|navlari]] guruhiga kiradi, baʼzida bezak sifatida ishlatiladi. Oʻsimliklarning yashil yoki binafsha barglari bor, markaziy barglar esa bosh hosil qilmaydi (boshli karam kabi). Kale, Brassica oleraceaning koʻplab o‘stiriladigan shakllariga qaraganda yovvoyi karamga yaqinroq hisoblanadi<ref>{{Kitob manbasi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U8oa31v1LVMC&pg=PA149|title=VK Science – Biology|last=Tomar|first=BS|publisher=FK Publications|isbn=978-81-88597-06-2|page=149}}</ref>.
[[File:Brassica oleracea var. sabellica Scarlet 2021-05-30 6384.jpg|thumb|Kale ko‘chati]]
== Etimologiya ==
''Kale'' Shimoliy oʻrta ingliz ''kalesidan'' (Scots ''kail'' va nemis ''Kohlni'' solishtiring) kelib chiqqan. [[Lotin tili|Lotincha]] ''caulis'' „karam“ degan maʼnoni bildiradi<ref>{{Veb manbasi|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=kale|sarlavha=Kale|nashriyot=Online Etymology Dictionary, Douglas Harper|sana=2016|qaralgan sana=16 August 2016|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911152535/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=kale|arxivsana=11 September 2016}}</ref>.
[[File:Brassica oleracea var. sabellica Scarlet 2022-08-25 9122.jpg|thumb|Kale karamining urug‘i]]

== Tarix ==
[[Fayl:Kids_harvesting_kale.jpg|alt=|left|thumb| Qizil rus karam ''(Brassica napus'' L. subsp. ''napus'' var. ''pabularia'' (DC.) barglarini yigʻayotgan bolalar.) Alef.) oilaviy sabzavot bogʻida]]
Kale sharqiy Oʻrta yer dengizi va [[Onadoʻli|Anadoluda]] paydo boʻlgan, u yerda miloddan avvalgi 2000-yildan boshlab oziq-ovqat uchun yetishtirilgan<ref>{{Veb manbasi|muallif=Perry|ism=Leonard|sarlavha=Interesting cool crops|url=https://pss.uvm.edu/ppp/articles/cabbage.html|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220619121044/https://pss.uvm.edu/ppp/articles/cabbage.html|arxivsana=2022-06-19|ish=University of Vermont Extension, Department of Plant and Soil Science|qaralgan sana=5 June 2018}}</ref>. Jingalak bargli navlari eramizdan avvalgi IV asrda [[Gretsiya|Gretsiyada]] tekis bargli navlari bilan birga paydo bo‘lgan. [[Qadimgi Rim|Rimliklar]] tomonidan Sabellian cale deb atalgan bu shakllar zamonaviy karamlarning ajdodlari hisoblanadi.


Rossiya karamini XIX asrda rus savdogarlari Kanadaga, keyin esa AQShga olib kirishgan<ref name="PerryCoolCrop">{{Veb manbasi|muallif=Perry|ism=Leonard|sarlavha=Interesting cool crops|url=https://pss.uvm.edu/ppp/articles/cabbage.html|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220619121044/https://pss.uvm.edu/ppp/articles/cabbage.html|arxivsana=2022-06-19|ish=University of Vermont Extension, Department of Plant and Soil Science|qaralgan sana=5 June 2018}}</ref>. USDA [[Botanika|botanigi]] Devid Feyrchild amerikaliklarga karamni (va koʻplab boshqa ekinlarni) tanishtirgan<ref>{{Yangiliklar manbasi |last=Diamond |first=Anna |date=January 2018 |title=America's First "Food Spy" Traveled the World Hunting for Exotic Crops |work=[[Smithsonian (magazine)|Smithsonian]] |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/smalltalk_fairchild-180967508/ |access-date=5 June 2018}}</ref><ref name="Gastropod Fairchild">{{Veb manbasi|muallif=Graber|ism=Cynthia|sarlavha=Meet the Man Who Found, Finagled, and Ferried Home the Foods We Eat Today|url=https://gastropod.com/transcript-meet-the-man-who-found-finagled-and-ferried-home-the-foods-we-eat-today/|ish=Gastropod|qaralgan sana=5 June 2018}}</ref> Fairchildning oʻzi karamni karamni yoqtirmagan<ref name="Gastropod Fairchild" />. Oʻsha paytda, karam Xorvatiyada keng tarqalgan, chunki uni yetishtirish oson, arzon edi. O‘simlik tuproqni tuzsizlantirishi mumkin edi<ref name="Gastropod Fairchild" />. Yigirmanchi asrda karam asosan Qoʻshma Shtatlarda dekorativ maqsadlarda ishlatilgan. 1990-yillarda uning ozuqaviy qiymati tufayli isteʼmol qilish mumkin boʻlgan sabzavot sifatida mashhur boʻldi<ref name="Gastropod Fairchild" />.

Ikkinchi [[Ikkinchi jahon urushi|Jahon urushi paytida]] Buyuk Britaniyada karam (va boshqa sabzavotlar) yetishtirish ragʻbatlantirildi<ref>{{Yangiliklar manbasi |last=Titchmarsh |first=Alan |date=3 May 2015 |title=Land army: Alan Titchmarsh on how gardening became essential for survival during wartime |work=The Express |url=http://www.express.co.uk/life-style/garden/574261/Gardening-during-wartime |access-date=5 August 2017}}</ref>. Sabzavotni yetishtirish oson edi va organizmni dietada yetishmayotgan muhim ozuqa moddalarini taʼminladi<ref>{{Veb manbasi|sarlavha=Kitchen Memories|url=http://www.nww2m.com/category/kitchen-memories/|ish=The National WWII Museum Blog|nashriyot=National WWII Museum|qaralgan sana=24 August 2020}}</ref>.

== Kultivatsiya ==
Kale odatda urugʻlardan oʻstiriladigan bir [[Bir yillik oʻsimliklar|yillik oʻsimlik]] boʻlib, unib chiqish harorati turlicha<ref name="cornell">{{Veb manbasi|url=http://www.gardening.cornell.edu/homegardening/scene57dc.html|sarlavha=Growing guide for kale|sana=2006|nashriyot=Cornell University, Ithaca, NY|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104123947/http://www.gardening.cornell.edu/homegardening/scene57dc.html|arxivsana=4 November 2016|qaralgan sana=7 November 2016}}</ref>. U [[Hardiness (plants)|chidamli]] va qishda gullab-yashnaydi<ref name="cornell" /> va −15,0 °C gacha boʻlgan haroratlarda omon qolishi mumkin<ref name="Munro">Derek B. Munro {{Google books|z_yezcnaUHQC|Vegetables of Canada}}</ref>. Qattiq sovuqdan keyin karam taʼmi shirinroq boʻlishi mumkin<ref>{{Kitob manbasi|url=https://archive.org/details/taylorsguidetohe00benj|quote=kale frost.|title=Taylor's Guide to Heirloom Vegetables|last=Watson|first=Benjamin|date=1996|publisher=Houghton Mifflin|isbn=978-0-395-70818-7|location=Boston|page=[https://archive.org/details/taylorsguidetohe00benj/page/200 200]}}</ref>.
<gallery>
Fayl:Brassica oleracea var. sabellica Scarlet 2021-12-26 132840.jpg|Qor ostidagi Brassica oleracea var. sabellica 
Fayl:Brassica oleracea var. sabellica Scarlet 2022-05-17 9140.jpg|Kale to‘pguli
Fayl:Brassica oleracea var. sabellica Scarlet 2022-05-17 9135.jpg|Kale guli yaqindan
</gallery>

[[File:Tree cabbage.jpg|thumb|Jersi karami]]
== Turlari ==
Barg turlarining xilma-xilligi, bir qatorda poyaning past, uzunligiga qarab karam navlarini farqlash mumkin. Barglarning ranglari och yashildan yashilgacha, quyuq yashil va binafsha-yashil, binafsha-jigarranggacha.
[[File:tuscankale.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Cavolo nero]]
Barglarning turlari boʻyicha tasniflash:

* Jingalak bargli (Shotland kalesi, koʻk jingalak karam)
* Bumpy-barg (qora karam, italyancha „cavolo nero“ tarjimasi bilan mashhur, shuningdek, Toskana karami, Toskana karam, lacinato va dinozavr karam sifatida ham tanilgan)
* Yassi bargli karan (qizil rus va oq rus karam kabi tekis bargli turlari)
* Barg va nayza yoki tukli barg (jingalak va tekis barg orasidagi xoch)
* Dekorativ (kamroq mazali va qattiqroq barglar)

[[Fayl:Ornamental_Kale.jpg|thumb| Oq va lavanta rangdagi manzarali karam]]
Qishda karam yaxshi oʻsishi mumkin. Juda baland nav ''Jersi'' karam yoki ''sigir karam'' deb nomlanadi. ''Kay-lan'' yoki ''xitoy karami'' koʻpincha Xitoy oshxonasida ishlatiladigan navdir. Portugaliyada oʻtkir bargli karam koʻpincha „couve galega“ (Galisian karam yoki Portugal karam) deb ataladi<ref>{{Veb manbasi|sarlavha=Couve Galega (Portuguese Cabbage)|url=https://myfolia.com/plants/82828-couve-galega-portuguese-cabbage-brassica-oleracea-acephala|nashriyot=myfolia.com|qaralgan sana=3 June 2017|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170828011109/https://myfolia.com/plants/82828-couve-galega-portuguese-cabbage-brassica-oleracea-acephala|arxivsana=28 August 2017}}</ref>.

=== Dekorativ karam ===
Kale va karamning koʻp navlari, asosan ichki qismida yorqin oq, qizil, pushti, lavanta, koʻk yoki binafsha rangga ega boʻlgan bezak barglari uchun oʻstiriladi. Manzarali karamning turlari — tovus qaylasi, marjon shahzoda, kamone marjon malikasi, rangli karam va chidori qayla<ref>{{Yangiliklar manbasi |date=2017-12-14 |title=Is Ornamental Kale Edible? Yes, But Not That Tasty |language=en-US |work=Garden.eco |url=https://www.garden.eco/ornamental-kale-edible |access-date=2018-03-02}}</ref>. ''Manzarali karam'' boshqa har qanday nav kabi isteʼmol qilish mumkin, ammo u qadar mazali emas<ref name="Larkcom2003">{{Kitob manbasi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SsQ8XBJkGG8C&pg=PA30|title=The Organic Salad Garden|last=Larkcom|first=Joy|date=1 June 2003|publisher=frances lincoln ltd|isbn=978-0-7112-2204-5|pages=30–32|accessdate=30 August 2012}}</ref>. Kalening barglari sabzavot guldastalari va toʻy guldastalari uchun ingredient sifatida tobora koʻproq foydalanilmoqda<ref>{{Yangiliklar manbasi |last=Jamieson |first=Sophie |date=30 Oct 2015 |title=Kale, broccoli and cabbage replace traditional flowers as brides opt for vegetable wedding bouquets |work=The Telegraph |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/11965704/Kale-broccoli-and-cabbage-replace-traditional-flowers-as-brides-opt-for-vegetable-wedding-bouquets.html |url-status=live |access-date=25 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170318172601/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/11965704/Kale-broccoli-and-cabbage-replace-traditional-flowers-as-brides-opt-for-vegetable-wedding-bouquets.html |archive-date=18 March 2017}}</ref>.
 [[File:Ornamental Cabbage (Brassica oleracea).jpg|thumb|Manzarali karam (Brassica oleracea)]]
Xom karam tarkibida 84% suv, 9% [[Uglevodlar|uglevod]], 4% [[Protein (oziq moddalar)|oqsil]] va 1% yogʻ bor. Karam [[Vitamin A|A]] [[Askorbin kislota|vitamini, S]] [[Piridoksin|vitamini, B6 vitamini]], [[Folat kislota|foliy kislotasi]] va [[Marganets|marganetsning]] boy manbasi. Kale tiamin, [[riboflavin]], pantotenik kislota, [[Vitamin E ( Alfa tokoferol)|E vitamini]] va [[temir]], [[Kalsiy|kaltsiy]], [[magniy]], [[kaliy]] va [[Fosfor|fosforni]] oʻz ichiga olgan bir qator oziq-ovqat minerallarining yaxshi manbaidir. Xom karamni qaynatish bu oziq moddalarning koʻp qismini kamaytiradi, A, C va K vitaminlari va marganetsning qiymati esa sezilarli darajada saqlanib qoladi.
<gallery>
Fayl:Ornamental Cabbage 3 (4125240726).jpg
Fayl:Decorative Kale (311182586).jpg
Fayl:Ornamental Kale (8376707961).jpg
Fayl:Ornamental Kale (8438757612).jpg|
Fayl:Ornamental Kale Nagoya White F1 -- Brassica oleracea.jpg
</gallery>

=== Fitokimyoviy moddalar ===
Kale — karotenoidlar, lutein va zeaksantin (jadvallar) manbai<ref name="carotenoids">{{Cite journal|year=2015|title=Variation in Carotenoid Content of Kale and Other Vegetables: A Review of Pre- and Post-harvest Effects|journal=J Agric Food Chem|volume=63|issue=Oct 28|pages=9677–82|doi=10.1021/acs.jafc.5b03691|pmid=26477753}}</ref>. Brokkoli va boshqa sabzavotlarda boʻlgani kabi, karam tarkibida glyukozinolat birikmalari bor, masalan, glyukorafanin sulforafanning<ref>{{Cite journal|year=1999|title=Variation of glucosinolates in vegetable crops of ''Brassica oleracea''|journal=J Agric Food Chem|volume=47|issue=4|pages=1541–8|doi=10.1021/jf980985s|pmid=10564014}}</ref> hosil boʻlishiga hissa qoʻshadi<ref>{{Cite journal|last2=Fassett|first2=R. G.|last3=Coombes|first3=J. S.|year=2013|title=Sulforaphane: Translational research from laboratory bench to clinic|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nutrition-reviews_2013-11_71_11/page/709|journal=Nutrition Reviews|volume=71|issue=11|pages=709–26|doi=10.1111/nure.12060|pmid=24147970|last=Houghton|first1=C. A.}}</ref>.
[[File:Decorative cabbage and other flowers at Akureyri Botanical Gardens.jpg|thumb|Kale karami bilan bezatilgan bogp]]
Qaynatilgan karam tarkibida glyukozinat birikmalari darajasi pasayadi, bugʻda pishirish, [[Mikrotoʻlqinli pech|mikrotoʻlqinli pechda]] yoki aralashtirib qovurish esa sezilarli yoʻqotishlarga olib kelmaydi<ref name="cr">{{Cite journal|last2=Verkerk|first2=R|last3=Widianarko|first3=B|last4=Dekker|first4=M|year=2015|title=A mechanistic perspective on process-induced changes in glucosinolate content in Brassica vegetables: A review|journal=Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition|volume=55|issue=6|pages=823–38|doi=10.1080/10408398.2012.688076|pmid=24915330|last=Nugrahedi|first1=P. Y.}}</ref>. Kalening tarkibida [[Oksalat kislota|oksalat kislotasi]] koʻp boʻlib, uning darajasini pishirish orqali kamaytirish mumkin<ref name="Armesto">{{Cite journal|last=Armesto|first1=Jorge|last2=Gómez-Limia|first2=Lucía|last3=Carballo|first3=Javier|last4=Martínez|first4=Sidonia|title=Effects of different cooking methods on the antioxidant capacity and flavonoid, organic acid and mineral contents of Galega kale (''Brassica oleracea'' var. acephala cv. Galega)|journal=International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition|volume=70|issue=2|date=23 July 2018|issn=0963-7486|doi=10.1080/09637486.2018.1482530|pages=136–149|pmid=30037287}}</ref>.

Kalening tarkibida yuqori darajadagi polifenollar, masalan, ferul kislotasi<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Korus|first1=Anna|last2=Lisiewska|first2=Zofia|title=Effect of preliminary processing and method of preservation on the content of selected antioxidative compounds in kale (''Brassica oleracea'' L. var. acephala) leaves|journal=Food Chemistry|volume=129|issue=1|pages=149–154|doi=10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.04.048|year=2011}}</ref> atrof-muhit va [[Genetika|genetik]] omillar tufayli oʻzgarib turadi<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Zietz|first1=Michaela|last2=Weckmüller|first2=Annika|last3=Schmidt|first3=Susanne|last4=Rohn|first4=Sascha|last5=Schreiner|first5=Monika|last6=Krumbein|first6=A|last7=Kroh|first7=Lothar W|title=Genotypic and Climatic Influence on the Antioxidant Activity of Flavonoids in Kale (''Brassica oleracea'' var. sabellica)|journal=Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry|volume=58|issue=4|pages=2123–2130|year=2010|doi=10.1021/jf9033909|pmid=20095605}}</ref>.

== Pazandachilikda foydalanish ==

=== Aperatif mahsulot sifatida ===
[[Kartoshka]] chipslari oʻrnini bosuvchi sifatida xushboʻy "kale '''chipslari''' " ishlab chiqarilgan<ref>{{Yangiliklar manbasi |date=June 23, 2015 |title=A kid-friendly potato chip alternative |work=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/wellness/a-kid-friendly-potato-chip-alternative/2015/06/23/de383eba-0fc2-11e5-9726-49d6fa26a8c6_story.html |url-status=live |access-date=April 2, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170402165954/https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/wellness/a-kid-friendly-potato-chip-alternative/2015/06/23/de383eba-0fc2-11e5-9726-49d6fa26a8c6_story.html |archive-date=2 April 2017}}</ref>.

=== Mintaqaviy foydalanish ===

==== Yevropa ====
[[Niderlandiya|Gollandiyada]] " [[boerenkoolstamppot]] " deb nomlangan anʼanaviy qishki taom — jingalak karam, kartoshka pyuresi, baʼzan qovurilgan choʻchqa goʻshti aralashmasidan tayyorlanadi<ref>{{Kitob manbasi|last=Harvard Student Agencies|first=Inc.|title=Let's Go Paris, Amsterdam & Brussels: The Student Travel Guide|publisher=Avalon Travel Publishing|series=Let's go travel guide|year=2013|isbn=978-1-61237-028-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GTRKAAAAQBAJ&pg=PT503|accessdate=April 2, 2017|page=503}}{{Oʻlikhavola|date=fevral 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>.
[[File:Boerenkool stamppot.jpg|thumb|Boerenkool ]]
Shimoliy Germaniyada " Kohlfahrt " („qal’aning sayohati“) deb nomlanuvchi qishki anʼana mavjud boʻlib, u yerda bir guruh odamlar kun davomida oʻrmon boʻylab sayrga chiqishadi, bu yerda karam pishiriladigan mehmonxona yoki shaxsiy qarorgohda yigʻilishadi<ref>{{Veb manbasi|sarlavha=Bremen's unique tradition {{!}} European Traveler|url=http://europeantraveler.net/archives/attractions/attractions-kohlfarht.php|ish=europeantraveler.net|qaralgan sana=24 February 2020|arxivsana=2022-03-28|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220328123750/http://europeantraveler.net/archives/attractions/attractions-kohlfarht.php}}</ref>. Kale Shimoliy [[Germaniya]] asosiy va [[Comfort food|qulay oziq-ovqat]] mahsuloti hisoblanadi<ref>{{Yangiliklar manbasi |last=Gorman |first=Louise |date=11 April 2016 |title=On the kale tour trail in Germany, schnapps in hand |language=en |work=sbs.com.au |url=https://www.sbs.com.au/food/article/2016/04/08/kale-tour-trail-germany-schnapps-hand |access-date=24 February 2020}}</ref>.

Italiyada cavolo nero karami Toskana shoʻrvasi [[Ribollita|ribollitasining]] tarkibiy qismidir<ref>{{Kitob manbasi|last=Gray|first=R.|title=The River Cafe Cookbook|publisher=Ebury Publishing|year=2013|isbn=978-1-4464-6035-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=INFnzXj81-QC&pg=PT80|accessdate=April 2, 2017|page=pt80}}</ref>.
[[File:Ribollita Siena.jpg|thumb|Ribollita ]]
Anʼanaviy portugal shoʻrvasi, ''kaldo-verde'', kartoshka pyuresi, juda nozik dimlamalar tarkibiga karam va [[Zaytun yog'i|zaytun moyi]] kiradi<ref>{{Kitob manbasi|title=The Illustrated Cook's Book of Ingredients|publisher=DK Publishing|series=The Illustrated Cook's Book of Ingredients|year=2010|isbn=978-0-7566-7673-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TZdT_Kndq_8C&pg=PA193|accessdate=April 2, 2017|page=193}}</ref>. Qoʻshimcha ingredient sifatida bulon va kolbasa qo‘shilishi mumkin.
[[File:Colcannon (5532418361).jpg|thumb|Kolkannon]]
Shotlandiyada karam anʼanaviy taomlar uchun shunday muhim mahsulotki, baʼzi shotland lahjalarida bu soʻz oziq-ovqat bilan sinonimdir<ref name="lazy">{{Veb manbasi|sarlavha=THE LAZY GARDENER 'Off one's kail' you'll be if you eat these winter beauties|url=http://blog.chron.com/lazygardener/2009/12/off-ones-kail-youll-be-if-you-eat-these-winter-beauties/|sana=4 December 2009|qaralgan sana=3 June 2017|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170827213151/http://blog.chron.com/lazygardener/2009/12/off-ones-kail-youll-be-if-you-eat-these-winter-beauties/|arxivsana=27 August 2017}}</ref>.

Irlandiyaliklar karam kartoshka pyuresi bilan aralashtirib, anʼanaviy ''kolkannon taomini tayyorlaydilar''<ref>{{Kitob manbasi|last=Wise|first=V.|title=The Gardeners' Community Cookbook|publisher=Workman Pub.|year=1999|isbn=978-0-7611-1772-8|url=https://archive.org/details/gardenerscommuni0000wise|accessdate=April 2, 2017|page=[https://archive.org/details/gardenerscommuni0000wise/page/276 276]}}</ref>. Bu mashhur [[Halloween|Xellouin bayrami]]<ref>{{Kitob manbasi|last=Rogers|first=N.|title=Halloween: From Pagan Ritual to Party Night|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2003|isbn=978-0-19-516896-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=stWZ_UDteMIC&pg=PA47|accessdate=April 2, 2017|page=47}}</ref> taomi bo‘lib, u kolbasa bilan birga isteʼmol qilish mumkin.

==== Osiyo ====
Shri-Lankada kale ''kola gova'' yoki ela gova sifatida tanilgan. U isteʼmol qilish uchun yetishtiriladi. Undan orolning deyarli hamma joyida guruch bilan birga „qale mallung“ deb nomlangan taom tayyorlanadi.

== Adabiyotda ==
Cuthbertsonning "Kyledagi ''kuz va Cunninghame jozibasi'' " kitobida Sharqiy Ayrshirda joylashgan Kilmaurs hududi muhim oziq-ovqat mahsuloti boʻlgan kale karami bilan mashhur boʻlganligini taʼkidlaydi. Bir hikoyada aytiladiki, qoʻshni qishloq bir nechta karam urugʻi uchun yuqori narx toʻlashni taklif qildi. Mahalliy aholi rozi boʻlishdi, lekin urug‘ni berishdan oldin koʻmir olovida belkurakda qovurish urugʻlarning hech qachon unib chiqmasligini taʼminladi<ref>Cuthbertson, David Cuningham (1945). ''Autumn in Kyle and the Charm of Cunninghame''. London: Jenkins. Page 186</ref>.

== Galereya ==
<gallery widths="220" heights="150">
Fayl:Kale-Bundle.jpg|Jingalak bargli karam
Fayl:CSA-Red-Russian-Kale.jpg|Qizil rus karami
Fayl:20170526-AMS-LSC-0326 (34137217614).jpg|[[Tuscan kale|Toskana karami]]
Fayl:Making kale chips in Lockport, Illinois.jpg|Illinois [[Kale chips|karam chipslarini]] tayyorlash
Fayl:Kogt skinke brunede kartofler grønlangkål.jpg|Anʼanaviy [[New Years|Yangi yil]] [[Danish food|Daniya taomi]] : qaynatilgan jambon, sirlangan kartoshka va qaynatilgan karam
Fayl:Vegan Stack at Two Mountains (cropped).jpg|Avstraliyadagi restoranlardan birida boshqa sabzavotlar va [[Sourdough bread|xamirturushli non bilan karamga]] asoslangan taom
</gallery>

== Yana qarang ==

* [[Bowen karam]]
* ''[[Crambe maritima]]'' — dengiz karami
* [[Bargli sabzavotlar|Bargli sabzavot]]
* [[Kalettes]]
* [[Karam]]

== Manbalar ==
{{manbalar}}

[[Turkum:Brassica oleracea]]
[[Turkum:Bargli sabzavotlar]]