Mario Molina sahifasining manbasini koʻrish

{{Olim bilgiqutisi|birth_date={{tugʻilgan sanasi|1943|3|19|df=y}}|birth_place=[[Mexico City]], Mexico|death_date={{vafot sanasi va yoshi|2020|10|7|1943|3|19|df=y}}|death_place=Mexico City, Mexico|thesis_title=Vibrational Populations Through Chemical Laser Studies: Theoretical and Experimental Extensions of the Equal-gain Technique|doctoral_advisor=[[George C. Pimentel]]|doctoral_students=[[Renyi Zhang]]|website={{Rasmiy sayt|centromariomolina.org}} {{in lang|es}}|field=[[Chemistry]]|spouse={{ubl| {{nikoh| Luisa Tan |1973|end=div| 2005}} | {{nikoh|Guadalupe Alvarez <br />|2006}}}}|work_institutions={{ubli| [[University of California, San Diego]] | [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] | [[Jet Propulsion Laboratory]] | [[California Institute of Technology]] | [[University of California, Irvine]] | [[National Autonomous University of Mexico]]<ref name="OH" /><ref name="Interview" />}}|prizes={{ubli| [[Tyler Prize for Environmental Achievement]] (1983) | [[Newcomb Cleveland Prize]] (1987) | [[NASA Exceptional Scientific Achievement Medal]] (1989)<ref name="mit">{{veb manbasi |author=Massachusetts Institute of Technology |title=MIT's Mario Molina wins Nobel Prize in chemistry for discovery of ozone depletion |url=http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/1995/molina.html |date=11-oktabr 1995-yil |access-date=31-may 2008-yil |author-link=Massachusetts Institute of Technology |archive-date=26-dekabr 2018-yil |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226043802/http://news.mit.edu/1995/molina |url-status=live }}</ref> | [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry]] (1995) | [[United Nations Environment Programme|UN Environment Programme Sasakawa Environment Prize]] (1999) | [[Heinz Award]] in the Environment (2003)<ref>{{veb manbasi |url=http://www.heinzawards.net/recipients/mario-molina |title=The Heinz Awards, Mario Molina profile |access-date=22-sentabr 2009-yil |archive-date=22-oktabr 2015-yil |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151022151606/http://www.heinzawards.net/recipients/mario-molina |url-status=dead }}</ref> | [[Volvo Environment Prize]] (2004)<ref>{{veb manbasi |url=http://www.environment-prize.com/ |title=Volvo Environment Prize |access-date=8-oktabr 2020-yil |archive-date=9-noyabr 2017-yil |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171109192920/http://www.environment-prize.com/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> | [[Presidential Medal of Freedom]] (2013)<ref name=WH20130808>{{veb manbasi |url=https://obamawhitehouse-archives.gov/the-press-office/2013/08/08/president-obama-names-presidential-medal-freedom-recipients |title=President Obama Names Presidential Medal of Freedom Recipients |publisher=Office of the Press Secretary, The White House |date=8-avgust 2013-yil |access-date=9-avgust 2013-yil |archive-date=26-dekabr 2018-yil |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226043805/https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2013/08/08/president-obama-names-presidential-medal-freedom-recipients |url-status=live }}</ref>}}}}
 
{| class="infobox" style="width: 160px; float: right; clear: right; margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"
! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%" |Tashqi audio
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| colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[Fayl:Ozone_hole_recovery.jpg|link=|alt=|160x160px]]</img>
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| colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left" |[[Fayl:Nuvola_apps_arts.svg|link=|alt=audio icon|16x16px]]</img> [https://www.sciencehistory.org/distillations/podcast/whatever-happened-to-the-ozone-hole „Ozon teshigiga nima boʻlgan boʻlsa ham?: Ekologik muvaffaqiyat tarixi“], Distilatsiyalar podkasti 230, [[Science History Institute|Fan tarixi instituti]], 17-aprel 2018-yil
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| colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left" |[[Fayl:Nuvola_apps_arts.svg|link=|alt=audio icon|16x16px]]</img> [https://www.history.com/history-this-week „Osmon tushmoqda“], bu hafta tarix
|}'''Mario Xose Molina-Pasquel Henrikes''' (1943-yil 19-mart). — 2020-yil 7-oktyabr)<ref>{{Yangiliklar manbasi |date=7-oktabr 2020-yil |title=Mario Molina, Mexico chemistry Nobel winner, dies at 77 |publisher=ABC News (USA) |agency=Associated Press |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Technology/wireStory/mario-molina-mexico-chemistry-nobel-winner-dies-77-73488415 |url-status=live |access-date=8-oktabr 2020-yil |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201008070339/https://abcnews.go.com/Technology/wireStory/mario-molina-mexico-chemistry-nobel-winner-dies-77-73488415 |archive-date=8-oktabr 2020-yil}}</ref>.

'''Mario Molina''' nomi bilan tanilgan, [[meksika]]lik [[kimyogar]] edi. U Antarktida ozon teshigining ochilishida hal qiluvchi rol oʻynadi va Yerning [[Ozonosfera|ozon qatlamiga]] xlorftorokarbon (CFC) gazlari tahdidini aniqlashdagi roli uchun 1995-[[Kimyo boʻyicha Nobel mukofoti|yilda kimyo boʻyicha Nobel mukofotining]] hammuallifi edi. U kimyo boʻyicha Nobel mukofotini olgan birinchi meksikalik [[olim]] va Nobel mukofotini olgan uchinchi meksikalik olim boʻldi<ref>{{Veb manbasi|sana=7-oktabr 2020-yil|sarlavha=Mario Molina, ganador del Premio Nobel 1995, muere a causa de un infarto|url=https://www.eluniversal.com.mx/ciencia-y-salud/muere-mario-molina-ganador-del-premio-nobel-1995|kirish sanasi=10-mart 2021-yil|ish=El Universal|til=ispancha}}</ref><ref>{{Yangiliklar manbasi |last=García Hernández |first=Arturo |date=12-oktabr 1995-yil |title=Ojalá que mi premio estimule la investigación en México |language=ispancha |work=[[La Jornada]] |url=http://www.nobel.unam.mx/molina/entrevistas.html |url-status=live |access-date=29-sentabr 2009-yil |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090916100229/http://www.nobel.unam.mx/molina/entrevistas.html |archive-date=16-sentabr 2009-yil |quote=Mario Molina, primer mexicano que obtiene el premio Nobel de Química...}}</ref><ref>{{Veb manbasi|sarlavha=Mario Molina {{!}} Inside Science|url=https://www.visionlearning.com/en/library/Inside-Science/58/Mario-Molina/211|kirish sanasi=8-oktabr 2020-yil|ish=Visionlearning|til=inglizcha|arxivsana=9-iyun 2020-yil|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609071229/https://www.visionlearning.com/en/library/Inside-Science/58/Mario-Molina/211}}</ref>.

Molina oʻz karerasida Kaliforniya universiteti, Irvin, [[California texnologiya instituti|Kaliforniya texnologiya instituti]], [[Massachusetts texnologiya instituti|Massachusets texnologiya instituti]], Kaliforniya universiteti, San-Diego va Skripps okeanografiya institutining Atmosfera fanlari markazida tadqiqot va oʻqituvchilik lavozimlarida ishlagan. Molina, shuningdek, Mexiko shahridagi Mario Molina energiya va atrof-muhit markazining direktori edi. Molina Meksika prezidenti [[Enrique Peña Nieto|Enrike Penya Nietoning]] iqlim siyosati boʻyicha maslahatchisi boʻlgan<ref>{{Yangiliklar manbasi |last=Davenport |first=Coral |date=27-may 2014-yil |title=Governments Await Obama's Move on Carbon to Gauge U.S. Climate Efforts |language=inglizcha |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/27/us/politics/governments-await-obamas-move-on-carbon-to-gauge-us-climate-efforts.html |access-date=17-fevral 2022-yil |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>.

2020-yil 7-oktyabrda [[Meksika milliy muxtor universiteti|Meksika Milliy avtonom universiteti]] Molina yurak xurujidan vafot etganini eʼlon qildi<ref>{{Yangiliklar manbasi |last=Redacción |date=7-oktabr 2020-yil |title=Muere Mario Molina, ganador del Premio Nobel (Mario Molina, Nobel Prize 1995 winner, dies) |language=ispancha |work=[[El Universal (Mexico City)|El Universal]] |url=https://www.eluniversal.com.mx/ciencia-y-salud/muere-mario-molina-ganador-del-premio-nobel-1995 |url-status=live |access-date=7-oktabr 2020-yil |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201008070341/https://www.eluniversal.com.mx/ciencia-y-salud/muere-mario-molina-ganador-del-premio-nobel-1995 |archive-date=8-oktabr 2020-yil}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Veb manbasi|sarlavha=Fallece Mario Molina, Premio Nobel de Química 1995|url=https://elfinanciero.com.mx/ciencia/fallece-mario-molina-premio-nobel-de-quimica-1995|kirish sanasi=8-oktabr 2020-yil|ish=El Financiero|til=ispancha|arxivsana=8-oktabr 2020-yil|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201008070428/https://elfinanciero.com.mx/ciencia/fallece-mario-molina-premio-nobel-de-quimica-1995}}</ref>.

== Yoshligi ==
[[Fayl:Mario_Molina_1c389_8429.jpg|alt=helo the|left|thumb| Molina 2011-yilgi Nobel mukofoti sovrindori global simpoziumda]]
Molina Mexiko shahrida {{Tarjima qilinmagan|Roberto Molina Pasquel|de}} oilasida tugʻilgan, [[Efiopiya]], [[Avstraliya]] va [[Filippin]],<ref name="autobiography">{{Veb manbasi|muallif=Molina|ism=Mario|sarlavha=Autobiography|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/1995/molina/auto-biography/|nashriyot=[[The Nobel Foundation]]|yil=2007|qaralgan sana=30-may 2008-yil|arxivsana=8-oktabr 2020-yil|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201008070343/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/1995/molina/biographical/}}</ref> va Leonor Henrikesda elchi boʻlib xizmat qilgan advokat va sudya. Bolaligida u oʻyinchoq mikroskoplari va kimyo toʻplamlari yordamida hammomni oʻzining kichik laboratoriyasiga aylantirdi. U kimyogar boʻlgan va tajribalarida unga yordam bergan xolasi Ester Molinaga qaradi<ref name="Chemistry 1995 P 245-249">(Nobel Lectures in Chemistry (1991—1995)). (1997). </ref>. Mario Molina tadqiqotchi kimyogar boʻlishga qaror qilishdan oldin musiqiy martaba, xususan, skripkachi boʻlish gʻoyasini koʻrib chiqdi<ref>{{Veb manbasi|sarlavha=The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1995|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/1995/molina/biographical/|kirish sanasi=30-oktabr 2020-yil|ish=NobelPrize.org|til=inglizcha}}</ref>.

[[Mexiko shahri|Mexiko shahridagi]] asosiy oʻqishni tugatgandan va [[Shveysariya|Shveysariyadagi]] Institut auf dem Rosenbergdagi [[Internat maktab|internat maktabida]] oʻqiganidan soʻng<ref name="autobiography"/><ref name="Bilan">{{Veb manbasi|url=http://www.bilan.ch/articles/luxe/boudoir-bernhard-gademann|sarlavha=Bilan Magazine|qaralgan sana=15-aprel 2013-yil|arxivsana=19-oktabr 2013-yil|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019124056/http://www.bilan.ch/articles/luxe/boudoir-bernhard-gademann}}</ref> 1965-yilda [[Meksika milliy muxtor universiteti|Meksika Milliy Avtonom Universitetida]] (UNAM) kimyo muhandisligi boʻyicha bakalavr darajasini oldi. 1967-yilda [[Germaniya Federativ Respublikasi (1949—1990)|Gʻarbiy Germaniyaning]] [[Freyburg universiteti|Frayburg shahridagi Albert Lyudvig universitetida]] polimerizatsiya kinetikasi boʻyicha aspirantura darajasini va 1972-yilda fan nomzodi ilmiy darajasini oldi. [[California universiteti, Berkeley|Berkli Kaliforniya Universitetidan]] [[fizik kimyo]] boʻyicha Jorj C. Pimentel bilan ishlash<ref name="OH">{{Veb manbasi|muallif=Center for Oral History|sarlavha=Mario J. Molina|url=https://oh.sciencehistory.org/oral-histories/molina-mario-j|ish=[[Science History Institute]]|qaralgan sana=23-oktabr 2018-yil|arxivsana=8-oktabr 2020-yil|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201008070354/https://oh.sciencehistory.org/oral-histories/molina-mario-j}}</ref><ref name="Interview">{{Kitob manbasi|first=David J.|last=Caruso|title=Mario J. Molina, Transcript of an Interview Conducted by David J. Caruso and Jody A. Roberts at The Mario Molina Center, Mexico City, Mexico, on 6 and 7 May 2013|date=7-may 2013-yil|url=https://oh.sciencehistory.org/sites/default/files/interview_pdf_abstract/molina_m_0896_suppl_2.pdf|location=Philadelphia, PA|publisher=[[Chemical Heritage Foundation]]|accessdate=24-oktabr 2018-yil|chapterurl=https://oh.sciencehistory.org/sites/default/files/interview_pdf_abstract/molina_m_0896_suppl_2.pdf|archive-date=2020-10-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201008070410/https://oh.sciencehistory.org/sites/default/files/interview_pdf_abstract/molina_m_0896_suppl_2.pdf}}</ref>

== Faoliyati ==
1974-yildan 2004-yilgacha Molina Kaliforniya universitetida, [[California texnologiya instituti|Irvinda]], Kaltekdagi reaktiv harakat laboratoriyasida va [[Massachusetts texnologiya instituti|Massachusets texnologiya institutida]] (MIT) turli xil ilmiy va oʻqituvchilik lavozimlarida ishlagan va u yerda Yer atmosferasi va sayyoralar boʻlimida qoʻshma tayinlangan. Fanlar va kimyo kafedrasi<ref name="OH"/>. 2004-yil 1-iyulda Molina San-Diegodagi Kaliforniya universitetining kimyo va biokimyo boʻlimiga va Skripps okeanografiya institutining Atmosfera fanlari markaziga qoʻshildi<ref name="McDonald">{{Yangiliklar manbasi |last=McDonald |first=Kim |date=5-fevral 2004-yil |title=Nobel Prize-Winning Chemist Joins UCSD Faculty |work=UCSD News |url=https://ucsdnews.ucsd.edu/archive/newsrel/science/mcmolina.asp |url-status=live |access-date=24-oktabr 2018-yil |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181101234146/https://ucsdnews.ucsd.edu/archive/newsrel/science/mcmolina.asp |archive-date=1-noyabr 2018-yil}}</ref>. Bundan tashqari, u notijorat tashkilot tuzdi, u Mario Molina energiya va atrof-muhit boʻyicha strategik tadqiqotlar markazini ochdi ({{lang-es|Centro Mario Molina para Estudios Estratégicos sobre Energía y Medio Ambiente}}) 2005-yilda Mexiko shahrida. Molina uning direktori boʻlib ishlagan<ref name="Denmark">{{Veb manbasi|muallif=Denmark|ism=Bonnie|sarlavha=Mario Molina: Atmospheric Chemistry to Change Global Policy|url=https://www.visionlearning.com/en/library/Inside-Science/58/Mario-Molina/211|ish=VisionLearning|kirish sanasi=24-oktabr 2018-yil|arxivsana=24-oktabr 2018-yil|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181024232053/https://www.visionlearning.com/en/library/Inside-Science/58/Mario-Molina/211}}</ref>.

Molina 2000-yildan 2005-yilgacha Fan va jamoatchilik jamiyati nomi bilan tanilgan Science Service vasiylik kengashida ishlagan<ref name="OSTI">{{jurnal manbasi|title=Mario J. Molina Symposium Atmospheric& Chemistry, Climate, and Policy|date=2016|url=https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1333723|doi=10.2172/1333723|access-date=25 October 2018|last=Zhang|first1=Renyi|osti=1333723}}</ref>. U, shuningdek, Jon D. va Ketrin T. MakArtur jamgʻarmasi (2004—2014)<ref>{{Veb manbasi|sarlavha=Past Board Members|url=https://www.macfound.org/about/our-history/past-board-members/|ish=MacArthur Foundation|qaralgan sana=25-oktabr 2018-yil|arxivsana=8-oktabr 2020-yil|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201008070413/https://www.macfound.org/about/our-history/past-board-members/}}</ref> direktorlar kengashida va MakArtur jamgʻarmasining institutsional siyosat qoʻmitasi hamda uning Global xavfsizlik va barqarorlik qoʻmitasi aʼzosi sifatida ishlagan<ref>{{Veb manbasi|sarlavha=Board of Directors|url=http://www.infominder.com/webminder/viewChangesFrame.do?cmd=ViewChanges&minderId=95940&aref=jui22105m|ish=MacArthur Foundation|qaralgan sana=25-oktabr 2018-yil|arxivsana=25-oktabr 2018-yil|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181025071401/http://www.infominder.com/webminder/viewChangesFrame.do?cmd=ViewChanges&minderId=95940&aref=jui22105m}}</ref>.

Molina 2000-yil 24-iyulda Papa Fanlar akademiyasiga nomzod qilib koʻrsatilgan<ref name="Pontifical">{{Veb manbasi|sarlavha=Mario José Molina|url=http://www.pas.va/content/accademia/en/academicians/ordinary/molina.html|ish=Pontifical Academy of Sciences|qaralgan sana=25-oktabr 2018-yil|arxivsana=27-oktabr 2018-yil|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181027121953/http://www.pas.va/content/accademia/en/academicians/ordinary/molina.html}}</ref>. U Vatikan seminarining hamraisi va Veerabxadran Ramanatan va Durvud Zaelke bilan birgalikda ''2 daraja Selsiy boʻyicha: Odamlar va sayyorani ekstremal iqlim oʻzgarishidan himoya qilish uchun tezkor harakat siyosati'' (2017) hisobotining hammuallifi sifatida ishlagan. Hisobot [[Climate change mitigation|iqlim oʻzgarishini yumshatish]] uchun uch tutqichli sovutish strategiyasining bir qismi boʻlgan 12 ta kengaytiriladigan va amaliy echimlarni taklif qildi<ref name="Under">{{Veb manbasi|sarlavha=Vatican Pontifical Academy of Sciences Proposes Practical Solutions to Prevent Catastrophic Climate Change|url=http://www.igsd.org/vatican-pontifical-academy-of-sciences-proposes-practical-solutions-to-prevent-catastrophic-climate-change/|kirish sanasi=25-oktabr 2018-yil|ish=Institute for Governance and Sustainable Development|sana=9-noyabr 2017-yil|arxivsana=25-oktabr 2018-yil|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181025071054/http://www.igsd.org/vatican-pontifical-academy-of-sciences-proposes-practical-solutions-to-prevent-catastrophic-climate-change/}}</ref><ref>{{Veb manbasi|sarlavha=Vatican Pontifical Academy of Sciences to publish Well Under 2C: Ten Solutions for Carbon Neutrality & Climate Stability|url=http://www.igsd.org/vatican-pontifical-academy-of-sciences-to-publish-well-under-2c-ten-solutions-for-carbon-neutrality-climate/|ish=Institute for Governance and Sustainable Development|sana=13-mart 2018-yil|qaralgan sana=25-oktabr 2018-yil|arxivsana=25-oktabr 2018-yil|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181025071418/http://www.igsd.org/vatican-pontifical-academy-of-sciences-to-publish-well-under-2c-ten-solutions-for-carbon-neutrality-climate/}}</ref>.

Molina 2008-yilda AQSh prezidenti [[Barack Obama|Barak Obama]] tomonidan atrof-muhit masalalari boʻyicha oʻtish davri guruhini tuzish uchun tayinlangan<ref name="Brown">{{Yangiliklar manbasi |last=Brown |first=Susan |date=9-avgust 2013-yil |title=Presidential Medal of Freedom to be Awarded to Two UC San Diego Professors |work=UC San Diego News Center |url=https://ucsdnews.ucsd.edu/pressrelease/presidential_medal_of_freedom_to_be_awarded_to_two_uc_san_diego_professors |url-status=dead |access-date=24-oktabr 2018-yil |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181024073750/https://ucsdnews.ucsd.edu/pressrelease/presidential_medal_of_freedom_to_be_awarded_to_two_uc_san_diego_professors |archive-date=24-oktabr 2018-yil}}</ref> Prezident Obama davrida u Qoʻshma Shtatlar Prezidentining fan va texnologiya boʻyicha maslahatchilar kengashi aʼzosi edi<ref name="PCAST">{{Veb manbasi|sarlavha=PCAST Members|url=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/administration/eop/ostp/pcast/about/members|kirish sanasi=25-oktabr 2018-yil|arxivsana=8-oktabr 2020-yil|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201008070415/https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/administration/eop/ostp/pcast/about/members|ish=[[Office of Science and Technology Policy]]}}</ref>.

Molina Xyleco direktorlar kengashida oʻtirdi<ref>{{Veb manbasi|sarlavha=Board of Directory|url=https://www.xyleco.com/board/|kirish sanasi=9-yanvar 2019-yil|nashriyot=Xyleco|arxivsana=7-yanvar 2019-yil|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107181029/https://www.xyleco.com/board/}}</ref>.

U papa qomusi Laudato Si' ning mazmuniga hissa qoʻshgan<ref>{{Veb manbasi|sarlavha=The Importance of the Encyclical Laudato si' in the Context of the Current Scientific Findings|url=http://www.casinapioiv.va/content/accademia/en/events/2015/laudatosi.pdf|kirish sanasi=7-aprel 2021-yil|muallif=The Pontifical Academy of Sciences}}</ref><ref>{{Veb manbasi|sarlavha=A short text about Mario Molina|muallif=Léna|ism=Pierre|url=https://www.oce.global/en/news/short-text-about-mario-molina-pierre-lena|kirish sanasi=7-aprel 2021-yil|sana=17-oktabr 2020-yil|qaralgan sana=2022-11-09|arxivsana=2021-04-08|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210408024637/https://www.oce.global/en/news/short-text-about-mario-molina-pierre-lena}}</ref><ref>{{Veb manbasi|sarlavha=Mario Molina supo llevar sus creencias religiosas al ámbito científico|muallif=Vera|ism=Rodrigo|url=https://www.proceso.com.mx/ciencia-tecnologia/2020/10/8/mario-molina-supo-llevar-sus-creencias-religiosas-al-ambito-cientifico-cem-250623.html|kirish sanasi=7-aprel 2021-yil|sana=8-oktabr 2020-yil}}</ref><ref>{{Veb manbasi|sarlavha=Murió Mario Molina, quien asesoró al Papa Francisco sobre medio ambiente|url=https://desdelafe.mx/noticias/iglesia-en-el-mundo/murio-mario-molina-asesor-del-papa-francisco-sobre-medio-ambiente/|muallif=<!--Not stated-->|sana=7-oktabr 2020-yil|qaralgan sana=7-aprel 2021-yil}}</ref>.

2020-yilda Mario Molina SARS-COV-2 pandemiyasi davrida yuz niqoblarini kiyishning ahamiyati haqidagi tadqiqotlarga hissa qoʻshdi. „COVID-19 tarqalishining asosiy yoʻnalishi sifatida havo orqali yuqish“ nomli tadqiqot maqolasi Renyi Chjan, Yixin Li, Enni L bilan hamkorlikda Amerika Qoʻshma Shtatlari Milliy Fanlar Akademiyasi jurnalida chop etildi. Chjan va Yuan Vang<ref>{{jurnal manbasi|last=Zhang|first1=Renyi|last2=Li|first2=Yixin|last3=Zhang|first3=Annie L.|last4=Wang|first4=Yuan|last5=Molina|first5=Mario J.|date=30-iyun 2020-yil|title=Identifying airborne transmission as the dominant route for the spread of COVID-19|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|language=inglizcha|volume=117|issue=26|pages=14857–14863|doi=10.1073/pnas.2009637117|issn=0027-8424|pmid=32527856|pmc=7334447|bibcode=2020PNAS..11714857Z}}</ref>.

== CFClarning zararli taʼsirini aniqlash ==
1974-yilda Kaliforniya universitetida postdoktorlik tadqiqotchisi sifatida Irvine, Molina va F. Sherwood Rowland ''Nature'' jurnalida [[Stratosfera|stratosferadagi]] ozon qatlamiga CFC tahdidini taʼkidlaydigan maqola muallifi boʻlishdi<ref name="Molina">{{jurnal manbasi|last=Mario Molina and [[F. Sherwood Rowland|FS Rowland]]|date=28-iyun 1974-yil|title=Stratospheric Sink for Chlorofluoromethanes: Chlorine Atom-Catalysed Destruction of Ozone|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_1974-06-28_249_5460/page/810|journal=Nature|volume=249|issue=5460|pages=810–2|doi=10.1038/249810a0|bibcode=1974Natur.249..810M}}</ref>. Oʻsha paytda CFClar kimyoviy yoqilgʻi va sovutgich sifatida keng qoʻllangan. Molina va Roulend 1974-yil sentyabr oyida [[Atlantic City (New Jersey)|Atlantik-Sitidagi]] Amerika Kimyo Jamiyatining yigʻilishida taqdim etilgan Amerika Qoʻshma Shtatlari Atom energiyasi boʻyicha komissiyasi (AEC) uchun 150 sahifalik hisobot bilan qisqa ''tabiat'' qogʻozini kuzatib bordilar. Ushbu hisobot va ACS tomonidan tashkil etilgan matbuot anjumani, unda ular CFClarning atmosferaga keyingi chiqarilishini toʻliq taqiqlashga chaqirdilar, milliy eʼtiborni tortdi<ref name="CC">{{jurnal manbasi|date=7-dekabr 1987-yil|title=This Week's Citation Classic: Rowland F S & Molina M J. Chiorofluoromethanes in the environment. Rev. Geophvs. Space Phys. 13: 1-35. 1975. Department of Chemistry. University of California. Irvine. CA|url=http://garfield.library.upenn.edu/classics1987/A1987K930400001.pdf|journal=Current Contents|volume=49|page=12|access-date=24-oktabr 2018-yil|archivedate=12-aprel 2016-yil|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160412015548/http://garfield.library.upenn.edu/classics1987/A1987K930400001.pdf}}</ref>.

Rouland va Molinaning topilmalari tijorat ishlab chiqaruvchilari va kimyo sanoati guruhlari tomonidan bahsli boʻldi va harakat zarurligi toʻgʻrisida jamoatchilik konsensus faqat 1976-yilda [[Amerika Qoʻshma Shtatlari Milliy fanlar akademiyasi|Milliy fanlar akademiyasi]] tomonidan fan sharhini nashr etish bilan paydo boʻldi. Roulend va Molinaning ishi Jozef C. Farman va uning hammualliflari tomonidan 1985-yilda ''Nature'' jurnalida nashr etilgan Antarktida ustidagi stratosfera ozonining uzoq muddatli pasayishiga oid dalillar bilan yanada mustahkamlandi. Davom etilayotgan ishlar 1987-yilda 56 mamlakat tomonidan Monreal protokoli (CFC ishlab chiqarish va ulardan foydalanishni qisqartirish boʻyicha kelishuv) qabul qilinishiga va aerozol qutilari va muzlatgichlardan CFClarni butun dunyo boʻylab yoʻq qilish boʻyicha keyingi qadamlarga olib keldi. Aynan shu ishi uchun Molina keyinchalik 1995-[[Kimyo boʻyicha Nobel mukofoti|yilda kimyo boʻyicha Nobel mukofotini]] Pol J. Krutsen va F. Shervud Roulend bilan boʻlishdi<ref name="Landmark">{{Veb manbasi|sarlavha=Chlorofluorocarbons and Ozone Depletion: A National Historic Chemical Landmark|url=https://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/education/whatischemistry/landmarks/cfcs-ozone.html|kirish sanasi=23-oktabr 2018-yil|ish=International Historic Chemical Landmarks|nashriyot=American Chemical Society|arxivsana=31-dekabr 2019-yil|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191231235259/https://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/education/whatischemistry/landmarks/cfcs-ozone.html}}</ref>. Iqtibos uni va uning hamkasblarini „atmosfera kimyosi, xususan, ozonning shakllanishi va parchalanishiga oid ishlari“ uchun alohida eʼtirof etdi<ref>{{Veb manbasi|sarlavha=The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1995|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/1995/summary/|kirish sanasi=8-oktabr 2020-yil|ish=NobelPrize.org|til=inglizcha|arxivsana=10-avgust 2018-yil|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180810002846/https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1995/index.html}}</ref>.

Molina 1973-yilda [[professor]] F. Shervud Roulendning laboratoriyasiga postdoktorant sifatida qoʻshildi. Bu yerda Molina Roulandning „issiq atom“ kimyosi boʻyicha kashshof tadqiqotini davom ettirdi, bu radioaktiv jarayonlar tufayli ortiqcha translatsiya energiyasiga ega boʻlgan atomlarning kimyoviy xususiyatlarini oʻrganishdir<ref name="Chemistry 1995 P 245-249">(Nobel Lectures in Chemistry (1991—1995)). (1997). </ref><ref name="AOA">{{Veb manbasi|sarlavha=Mario J. Molina, Ph.D. Biography and Interview|ish=www.achievement.org|nashriyot=[[American Academy of Achievement]]|url=https://www.achievement.org/achiever/mario-j-molina-ph-d/#interview/|kirish sanasi=9-may 2019-yil|arxivsana=6-mart 2019-yil|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306141831/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/mario-j-molina-ph-d/#interview/}}</ref>.

Ushbu tadqiqot tez orada xloroftorokarbonlar (CFC) boʻyicha tadqiqotlar olib bordi, ular sovutgichlarda, aerozol purkagichlarda va plastik koʻpiklarni ishlab chiqarishda qoʻllanadigan zararsiz gazlardir<ref name="ScienceHistoryBio">{{Veb manbasi|sarlavha=Mario Molina|url=https://www.sciencehistory.org/historical-profile/mario-molina|ish=Science History Institute|qaralgan sana=25-oktabr 2018-yil|sana=12-dekabr 2017-yil|arxivsana=25-oktabr 2018-yil|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181025190316/https://www.sciencehistory.org/historical-profile/mario-molina}}</ref>. CFClar inson faoliyati natijasida chiqarildi va atmosferada toʻplanishi maʼlum edi. Molina soʻragan asosiy ilmiy savol: „Jamiyat ilgari boʻlmagan narsalarni atrof-muhitga chiqarishi qanday oqibatlarga olib keladi?“<ref name="AOA"/>

Rouland va Molina ilgari CFClarga oʻxshash birikmalarni oʻrganishgan. Ular birgalikda ozon kimyosi, CFC va atmosfera sharoitlari haqidagi asosiy ilmiy bilimlarni kompyuter modellashtirish bilan birlashtirib, CFC ozon emirilishi nazariyasini ishlab chiqdilar. Avval Molina CFC qanday parchalanishi mumkinligini aniqlashga harakat qildi. Atmosferaning quyi darajalarida ular inert edi. Molina, agar atmosferaga chiqarilgan CFC boshqa jarayonlar natijasida parchalanmasa, ular doimiy ravishda balandroq balandliklarga koʻtarilishlarini tushundi. Atmosferada balandroq boʻlsa, turli xil sharoitlar qoʻllanadi. Stratosferaning eng yuqori qatlamlari quyoshning ultrabinafsha nurlariga taʼsir qiladi. Stratosferada suzuvchi yupqa ozon qatlami atmosferaning quyi darajalarini shu turdagi nurlanishdan himoya qiladi<ref name="ScienceHistoryBio"/>.

Molina kislorod molekulalarini parchalashi maʼlum boʻlgan ultrabinafsha nurlardan olingan fotonlar CFClarni ham parchalab, stratosferaga bir qator mahsulotlarni, shu jumladan [[xlor]] atomlarini chiqarishi mumkinligini taxmin qildi. Xlor atomlari (Cl) [[Kimyoviy radikallar|radikaldir]] : ular juftlashtirilmagan elektronga ega va juda reaktivdir. Xlor atomlari ozon molekulalari (O <sub>3</sub>) bilan oson reaksiyaga kirishadi, O <sub>2</sub> va xlor monoksitni (ClO) qoldirish uchun bitta kislorod atomini olib tashlaydi<ref name="ScienceHistoryBio"/><ref name="Wiberg">{{Kitob manbasi|first=Arnold Frederick|last=Holleman|title=Inorganic chemistry|date=2001|publisher=Academic Press|edition=1st English|page=462}}</ref>.

: Cl· + O<nowiki></br></nowiki> O → ClO· + O<nowiki></br></nowiki> O

ClO ham radikal boʻlib, ozon bilan reaksiyaga kirishib, ikkinchi O <sub>2</sub> molekulasi va Cl atomini chiqaradi.

: ClO· + O· → Cl· + O<nowiki></br></nowiki> O

Radikal Cl atomi bu juft reaksiyalar tomonidan isteʼmol qilinmaydi, shuning uchun u tizimda qoladi<ref name="ScienceHistoryBio"/><ref name="Wiberg"/>.

Molina va Roulend CFClarning parchalanishi natijasida hosil boʻlgan xlor atomlari ozonni yoʻq qilish uchun doimiy [[Kataliz|katalizator]] boʻlib xizmat qilishini bashorat qilishdi. Ular jalb qilingan miqdorlarni hisoblab chiqqach, CFClar stratosferadagi ozon qatlamiga jiddiy zarar etkazuvchi zanjir reaksiyasini boshlashi mumkinligini tushunishdi<ref name="Landmark"/><ref name="Chemistry 1995 P 245-249">(Nobel Lectures in Chemistry (1991—1995)). (1997). </ref><ref name="AOA"/>.

Roulend va Molina 1974-yil 28-iyun kuni ''Nature'' jurnalida oʻz xulosalarini nashr etishdi, shuningdek, oʻz xulosalarini ilmiy hamjamiyatdan tashqarida eʼlon qilishga, siyosatchilar va ommaviy axborot vositalariga oʻz ishlari haqida maʼlumot berishga harakat qilishdi. Ularning ishi natijasida CFClardan foydalanishni tartibga solish orqali ozon qatlamini himoya qilish boʻyicha qonunlar oʻrnatildi<ref name="Chemistry 1995 P 245-249">(Nobel Lectures in Chemistry (1991—1995)). (1997). </ref><ref name="AOA"/>.

== Yutuqlari ==
[[Fayl:Mario_molina.jpg|right|thumb|254x254px| Mario Molina (chapda) vatandoshi [[Luis E. Miramontes]] bilan, birinchi ogʻiz kontratseptiv vositalarining ixtirochisi, taxminan. 1995-yil]]
Molina koʻplab mukofotlar va mukofotlarga sazovor boʻlgan<ref name="OH"/><ref name="Interview"/>, jumladan, ozonning emirilishida CFClarning rolini kashf etgani uchun Pol J. Krutsen va F. Shervud Rouland bilan 1995-yilgi kimyo boʻyicha Nobel mukofotini baham koʻrgan.

Molina 1993-yilda [[Amerika Qoʻshma Shtatlari Milliy fanlar akademiyasi|AQSh Milliy fanlar akademiyasiga]] saylangan<ref name="NAS">{{Veb manbasi|sarlavha=Mario J. Molina|url=http://www.nasonline.org/member-directory/members/52447.html|ish=National Academy of Sciences|qaralgan sana=25-oktabr 2018-yil|arxivsana=6-oktabr 2018-yil|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181006114518/http://www.nasonline.org/member-directory/members/52447.html}}</ref> U 1996-yilda Amerika Qoʻshma Shtatlari Tibbiyot Institutiga<ref name="Silverman">{{Yangiliklar manbasi |last=Silverman |first=Edward |date=25-noyabr 1996-yil |title=Institute Of Medicine Increases Its Percentages Of Minority, Women Members In Latest Election |work=The Scientist |url=https://www.the-scientist.com/news/institute-of-medicine-increases-its-percentages-of-minority-women-members-in-latest-election-57737 |url-status=live |access-date=25-oktabr 2018-yil |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201008070420/https://www.the-scientist.com/news/institute-of-medicine-increases-its-percentages-of-minority-women-members-in-latest-election-57737 |archive-date=8-oktabr 2020-yil}}</ref> va 2003-yilda Meksika Milliy Kollejiga<ref>{{Veb manbasi|sarlavha=Membros: Mario Molina|url=http://colnal.mx/members/mario-molina|ish=El Colegio Nacional|qaralgan sana=25-oktabr 2018-yil|arxivsana=25-oktabr 2018-yil|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181025071007/http://colnal.mx/members/mario-molina}}</ref> saylangan. 2007-yilda u Amerika falsafiy jamiyatiga saylangan<ref>{{Veb manbasi|sarlavha=APS Member History|url=https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Mario+J.+Molina&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced|kirish sanasi=10-may 2021-yil|ish=search.amphilsoc.org|qaralgan sana=2022-11-09|arxivsana=2021-06-18|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210618002706/https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Mario+J.+Molina&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced}}</ref>. U, shuningdek, Meksika Fanlar akademiyasining aʼzosi edi<ref name="OH"/>. Molina Amerika Fanni Rivojlantirish Assotsiatsiyasining aʼzosi boʻlgan va 2014-yilda AAAS iqlim fanlari paneliga hamraislik qilgan, ''"Biz bilganimiz: haqiqat, xavflar va iqlim oʻzgarishiga javob''<ref>{{Veb manbasi|sarlavha=What We Know: The reality, risks and response to climate change|url=http://whatweknow.aaas.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/whatweknow_website.pdf|ish=What We Know|nashriyot=AAAS|qaralgan sana=25-oktabr 2018-yil|arxivsana=11-dekabr 2018-yil|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181211214752/http://whatweknow.aaas.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/whatweknow_website.pdf}}</ref>.

Molina 1987-yilda Amerika Kimyo Jamiyatining Shimoli-sharqiy boʻlimining Esselen mukofoti, 1988-yilda Amerika fan taraqqiyoti assotsiatsiyasining Nyukomb Klivlend mukofoti, 1989-yilda [[NASA|NASAning]] ilm-fan taraqqiyoti uchun medali va 1989-yilda Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkilotining Global Environ dasturiga sazovor boʻldi. 1990-yilda Pew Charitable Trusts Scholars Program Conservation and Atrof-muhit uni oʻnta ekolog olimlardan biri sifatida sharafladi va unga 150 000 AQSh dollari miqdorida grant ajratdi<ref name="OH"/><ref>Oakes, Elizabeth. (2002). </ref><ref name="PEW">{{Veb manbasi|sarlavha=Mario Molino|url=https://www.pewtrusts.org/en/projects/marine-fellows/fellows-directory/1990/mario-molino|ish=PEW|kirish sanasi=25-oktabr 2018-yil|arxivsana=25-oktabr 2018-yil|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181025071316/https://www.pewtrusts.org/en/projects/marine-fellows/fellows-directory/1990/mario-molino}}</ref>. 1996-yilda Molina Amerika yutuqlari akademiyasining „Oltin plastinka“ mukofotiga sazovor boʻldi<ref>{{Veb manbasi|sarlavha=Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement|ish=www.achievement.org|nashriyot=[[American Academy of Achievement]]|url=https://achievement.org/our-history/golden-plate-awards/#science-exploration|kirish sanasi=25-mart 2020-yil|arxivsana=15-dekabr 2016-yil|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161215023909/https://achievement.org/our-history/golden-plate-awards/#science-exploration}}</ref>. U 1998-yilda Amerika kimyo jamiyatining Chikago boʻlimidan Uillard Gibbs mukofotini<ref name="GibbsMedal">{{Veb manbasi|url=http://chicagoacs.net/Gibbs_history.html|sarlavha=History of the Willard Gibbs Medal|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723041502/http://chicagoacs.net/Gibbs_history.html|arxivsana=23 July 2011}}</ref> va 1998-yilda atrof-muhit texnologiyasi va fanidagi ijodiy yutuqlar uchun Amerika kimyo jamiyati mukofotini oldi<ref name="ACSaward">{{Veb manbasi|url=http://webapps.acs.org/findawards/detail.jsp?ContentId=CTP_004504|sarlavha=ACS Award in Environment|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140514122531/http://webapps.acs.org/findawards/detail.jsp?ContentId=CTP_004504|arxivsana=14 May 2014}}</ref>. 2003-yilda Molina atrof-muhit boʻyicha 9-yillik Xaynts mukofotini oldi<ref>{{Veb manbasi|sarlavha=Molina shares $250,000 Heinz Award|url=https://news.mit.edu/2003/heinz|kirish sanasi=8-oktabr 2020-yil|ish=MIT News {{!}} Massachusetts Institute of Technology|til=inglizcha|arxivsana=8-oktabr 2020-yil|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201008070425/https://news.mit.edu/2003/heinz}}</ref>.

[[Asteroid]] 9680 Molina uning sharafiga nomlangan<ref name="JPL">{{Veb manbasi|muallif=[[Jet Propulsion Laboratory]] Small-Body Database Browser|sarlavha=9680 Molina (3557 P-L)|url=http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=9680|kirish sanasi=30-may 2008-yil|arxivsana=25-sentabr 2014-yil|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140925104312/http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=9680}}</ref>.

2013-yil 8-avgustda AQSh prezidenti [[Barack Obama|Barak Obama]] Molinani Prezidentning Ozodlik medali sohibi deb eʼlon qildi<ref name="Robbins">{{Yangiliklar manbasi |last=Robbins |first=Gary |date=20-noyabr 2013-yil |title=White House honors Molina, Ride |work=The San Diego Union-Tribune |url=http://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/news/science/sdut-medal-of-freedom-obama-2013nov20-story.html |url-status=live |access-date=25-oktabr 2018-yil |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201008070416/https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/news/science/sdut-medal-of-freedom-obama-2013nov20-story.html |archive-date=8-oktabr 2020-yil}}</ref> va press-relizda shunday dedi:

: „Mario Molina uzoqni koʻradigan kimyogar va ekolog olimdir. Meksikada tugʻilgan doktor Molina oʻz aspiranturasini davom ettirish uchun [AQShga] kelgan. Keyinchalik u xlorftoruglerodlarning ozon qatlamini yemirishini kashf etgani uchun kimyo boʻyicha Nobel mukofotiga sazovor boʻldi. Doktor Molina Kaliforniya universiteti professori, San-Diego; Mario Molina energiya va atrof-muhit markazi direktori; va Prezident huzuridagi fan va texnologiya boʻyicha maslahatchilar kengashi aʼzosi“

Molina 2003-yilda uchinchi Gumanistik Manifestni imzolagan yigirma ikkita Nobel mukofoti sovrindorlaridan biri edi<ref>{{Veb manbasi|sarlavha=Notable Signers|url=http://www.americanhumanist.org/Humanism/Humanist_Manifesto_III/Notable_Signers|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121005105825/http://www.americanhumanist.org/Humanism/Humanist_Manifesto_III/Notable_Signers|arxivsana=5 October 2012|qaralgan sana=4-oktabr 2012-yil|ish=Humanism and Its Aspirations|nashriyot=American Humanist Association}}</ref>

Mario Molina 2014-yilda „Umr boʻyi muvaffaqiyat“ mukofoti (Yerning chempionlari) laureatidir<ref>{{Veb manbasi|muallif=Environment|ism=U. N.|sarlavha=Mario José Molina-Pasquel Henríquez|url=https://www.unep.org/championsofearth/laureates/2014/mario-jose-molina-pasquel-henriquez|ish=Champions of the Earth|til=inglizcha|sana=22-avgust 2019-yil}}</ref>.

=== Faxriy unvonlar ===
Molina oʻttizdan ortiq faxriy unvonlarni oldi<ref name="OH"/>.

* Yel universiteti (1997)<ref name="DoctorateYale">{{Veb manbasi|url=http://ris-systech2.its.yale.edu/hondegrees/hondegrees.asp|sarlavha=Honorary degrees by Yale|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150521015848/http://ris-systech2.its.yale.edu/hondegrees/hondegrees.asp|arxivsana=21 May 2015}}</ref>
* Tufts universiteti (2003)<ref name="DoctorateTufts">{{Veb manbasi|url=http://trustees.tufts.edu/hondegree/degrees/|sarlavha=Honorary degrees by Tufts|qaralgan sana=21-may 2017-yil|arxivsana=23-may 2017-yil|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170523181921/http://trustees.tufts.edu/hondegree/degrees/}}</ref>
* Dyuk universiteti (2009)<ref name="DoctorateDuke">{{Veb manbasi|url=http://today.duke.edu/2009/01/honorary.html|sarlavha=Honorary degrees granted by Duke in 2009|qaralgan sana=27-fevral 2013-yil|arxivsana=5-iyun 2014-yil|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140605052759/http://today.duke.edu/2009/01/honorary.html}}</ref>
* [[Harvard universiteti|Garvard universiteti]] (2012)<ref name="DoctorateHarvard">{{Veb manbasi|url=http://harvardmagazine.com/2012/05/harvard-honorary-degrees-commencement-2012|sarlavha=Honorary degrees granted by Harvard in 2012|qaralgan sana=27-fevral 2013-yil|arxivsana=18-yanvar 2013-yil|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130118212054/http://harvardmagazine.com/2012/05/harvard-honorary-degrees-commencement-2012}}</ref>
* Meksika federal universitetlari: Meksika milliy (1996), Metropolitana (2004), Chapingo (2007), Milliy politexnika (2009)
* Meksika davlat universitetlari: Hidalgo (2002),<ref name="DoctorateHidalgo">{{Veb manbasi|url=http://www.uaeh.edu.mx/docencia/honoris_causa/molina.html|sarlavha=Honorary Doctorate by Universidad Autonoma del Estado de Hidalgo (spanish)|qaralgan sana=5-mart 2013-yil|arxivsana=27-yanvar 2013-yil|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127215847/http://www.uaeh.edu.mx/docencia/honoris_causa/molina.html}}</ref> Meksika shtati (2006), Michoacan (2009)<ref name="DoctorateMichoacan">{{Veb manbasi|url=http://www.mimorelia.com/noticias/45339|sarlavha=Honorary Doctorate by Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolas de Hidalgo (spanish)|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222160521/http://www.mimorelia.com/noticias/45339|arxivsana=22 February 2014}}</ref> Gvadalaxara (2010),<ref name="DoctorateGuadalajara">{{Veb manbasi|url=http://www.medios.udg.mx/node/2746|sarlavha=Honorary Doctorate by Universidad de Guadalajara (spanish)|qaralgan sana=5-mart 2013-yil|arxivsana=22-fevral 2014-yil|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222172124/http://www.medios.udg.mx/node/2746}}</ref> San Luis Potosi (2011)<ref name="DoctorateSLP">{{Veb manbasi|url=http://www.globalmedia.mx/sanluis/vernoticia.php?id=27969|sarlavha=Honorary Doctorate by Universidad Autonoma de San Luis Potosi (spanish)|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222063510/http://www.globalmedia.mx/sanluis/vernoticia.php?id=27969|arxivsana=22 February 2014}}</ref>
* AQSh universitetlari: Mayami (2001), Florida International (2002), Janubiy Florida (2005), Claremont Graduate (2013-yil eʼlon qilingan)
* AQSh kollejlari: Konnektikut (1998), Trinity (2001), Vashington (2011), Whittier (2012),<ref>{{Veb manbasi|url=https://www.whittier.edu/alumni/poetnation/honorary|sarlavha=Honorary Degrees {{!}} Whittier College|ish=www.whittier.edu|qaralgan sana=6-dekabr 2019-yil|arxivsana=25-mart 2020-yil|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200325033950/https://www.whittier.edu/alumni/poetnation/honorary}}</ref> Uilyams (2015)
* Kanada universitetlari: Kalgari (1997), Vaterloo (2002), [[Britaniya Kolumbiyasi]] (2011)
* Yevropa universitetlari: Sharqiy Angliya (1996), Alfonso X (2009), Complutense of Madrid (2012), Free of Brussel (2010),

== Shaxsiy hayoti ==
Molina 1973-yil iyul oyida kimyogar Luiza Tanga turmushga chiqdi. Molina [[California universiteti, Berkeley|Berklidagi Kaliforniya universitetida]] doktorlik dissertatsiyasini himoya qilayotganda ular bir-birlari bilan uchrashishgan. Ular oʻsha yilning kuzida Kaliforniyaning Irvin shahriga koʻchib oʻtishdi<ref name="Encyclopedia">{{Kitob manbasi|title=World of Earth Science|date=2003|chapter=Molina, Mario (1943-)|accessdate=23-oktabr 2018-yil|chapterurl=https://www.encyclopedia.com/science/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/molina-mario-1943}}</ref>. Er-xotin 2005-yilda ajrashishdi<ref name="NYTimes">{{Veb manbasi|muallif=Schwartz|ism=John|sarlavha=Mario Molina, 77, Dies; Sounded an Alarm on the Ozone Layer|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/13/science/mario-molina-dead.html|ish=New York Times|qaralgan sana=15-may 2021-yil|sana=13-oktabr 2020-yil}}</ref> Luisa Tan Molina hozir Kaliforniyaning La Jolla shahridagi Molina energetika va atrof-muhit boʻyicha strategik tadqiqotlar markazining yetakchi olimi<ref>{{Veb manbasi|sarlavha=Molina Center for Strategic Studies in Energy and the Environment|url=https://www.guidestar.org/profile/20-2020378|kirish sanasi=25-oktabr 2018-yil|ish=GuideStar|arxivsana=8-oktabr 2020-yil|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201008070433/https://www.guidestar.org/profile/20-2020378}}</ref>. Ularning oʻgʻli Felipe Xose Molina 1977-yilda tugʻilgan<ref name="autobiography"/><ref>{{Veb manbasi|sarlavha=Dr. Mario Molina|url=http://www.theozonehole.com/molina.htm|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191003061346/http://www.theozonehole.com/molina.htm|arxivsana=3 October 2019|qaralgan sana=19-dekabr 2019-yil|ish=The Ozone Hole.com}}</ref>. Molina 2006-yil fevral oyida ikkinchi xotini Gvadalupe Alvaresga uylandi<ref name="autobiography" />.

Molina 2020-yil 7-oktyabrda 77 yoshida yurak xuruji tufayli vafot etd<ref name=":0"/><ref name="NYTimes"/>.

== Ishlar ==

* Molina, Luisa T., Molina, Mario J. va Renyi Chjan. " [https://www.osti.gov/biblio/889933-laboratory-investigation-organic-aerosol-formation-from-aromatic-hydrocarbons Aromatik uglevodorodlardan organik aerozol hosil boʻlishini laboratoriya tekshiruvi] ", [[Massachusetts texnologiya instituti|Massachusets texnologiya instituti]] (MIT), Amerika Qoʻshma Shtatlari Energetika Departamenti, (2006-yil avgust).
* Molina, Luisa T., Molina, Mario J. va boshqalar. " [https://www.osti.gov/biblio/940956-characterization-fine-particulate-matter-pm-secondary-pm-precursor-gases-mexico-city-metropolitan-area Mexiko shahri metropolitan hududida nozik zarrachalar (PM) va ikkilamchi PM prekursor gazlarining tavsifi] ", [[Massachusetts texnologiya instituti|Massachusets Texnologiya Instituti]] (MIT), Amerika Qoʻshma Shtatlari Energetika Departamenti, (2008-yil oktyabr).

== Maʼlumotnomalar ==
{{manbalar}}

== Havolalar ==

* [http://www.centromariomolina.org/ Centro Mario Molina] {{In lang|es}}
* Mario Molina Shu jumladan 1995-yil 8-dekabrdagi „Qutbdagi ozon qatlamining emirilishi“ nomli Nobel maʼruzasi
* Mario J. Molina bilan [https://digital.sciencehistory.org/ Fan tarixi institutining raqamli toʻplamlarida] [https://digital.sciencehistory.org/works/8pmnk1q ogʻzaki tarix suhbati].

{{DEFAULTSORT:Molina, Mario}}
[[Turkum:Kimyo boʻyicha Nobel mukofoti sovrindorlari]]
[[Turkum:2020-yilda vafot etganlar]]
[[Turkum:1943-yilda tugʻilganlar]]