Markus Terentius Varro sahifasining manbasini koʻrish

'''Markus Terentius Varro''' -miloddan avvalgi 116–27) Rim polimati va sermahsul muallif. U [[Qadimgi Rim|qadimgi Rimning]] eng buyuk olimi deb hisoblanadi va [[Francesco Petrarca|Petrarka]] uni "Rimning uchinchi buyuk nuri" ( [[Vergiliy|Vergil]] va [[Sitseron Mark Tulliy|Tsitserondan]] keyin) deb ta'riflagan.<ref>''[[Oxford Classical Dictionary]]'', "[[doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.6699|Terentius Varro, Marcus]]"</ref> Uni o'zining yosh zamondoshi Varro Atacinusdan farqlash uchun uni ba'zan '''Varro Reatinus''' deb atashadi.{{Olim bilgiqutisi|ismi=|tasvir=|tasvir_eni=|izoh=|tugʻilgan_sanasi=<!-- {{tugʻilgan sanasi|Yil|Oy|Kun}} -->|tugʻilgan_joyi=|vafot_sanasi=<!-- {{vafot sanasi|Yil|Oy|Kun}} -->|vafot_joyi=|istiqomat_joylari=|fuqaroligi=|millati=|sohasi=|ish_joylari=|institutlar=|alma_mater=|tezis_sarlavhasi=|akademik_rahbarlari=|mashhur_shogirdlari=|mashhur_ishlari=|oʻtkazayotgan_taʼsiri=|koʻrsatgan_taʼsiri=|mukofotlari=|turmush_oʻrtogʻi=|dini=|vebsayt=}}[[Fayl:Marco_Terenzio_Varrone.jpg|alt=|thumb| Keksa Varroning tasavvur qilingan portreti. ]]
'''Varro''' -Reate  shahrida yoki uning yaqinida otliq deb hisoblangan oilada tug‘ilgan va har doim bu hududdagi qarindoshlariga yaqin bo‘lib, Reatine tekisligida yirik fermer xo‘jaligiga ega bo‘lgan.&nbsp;Ripasottile,<ref>{{Veb manbasi|url=https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Varro/de_Re_Rustica/1*.html#note36|sarlavha=LacusCurtius • Varro On Agriculture – Book I|ish=penelope.uchicago.edu|qaralgan sana=12 January 2017}}</ref> keksayguniga qadar. U [[Pompey gney|Pompeyni]] qo'llab-quvvatlab , xalq tribuni  va kvestor bo'lganidan keyin [[Pretor|pretorlik]] lavozimiga yetib keldi.<ref name=":0">{{Kitob manbasi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_jhKAAAAYAAJ&q=VARRO+praetor%2C+after+having+been+tribune+of+the+people%2C+quaestor+and+curule+aedile.&pg=PA92|title=The Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature|last=Baynes|first=Thomas Spencer|year=1891|publisher=C. Scribner's sons|language=en}}</ref> Ehtimol, Varro Birinchi Triumvirat tashkil etilganda Pompey kirgan yo'ldan norozi bo'lgan va shuning uchun u konsullikka ko'tarilish imkoniyatini yo'qotgan bo'lishi mumkin. <ref name="EB1911">{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Varro, Marcus Terentius|volume=27|pages=923–924|first=James Smith|last=Reid}}</ref> U [[Julius Caesar|Tsezarning]] [[Capua|Kapua]] va Kampaniyani ko'chirish bo'yicha buyuk agrar rejasini amalga oshirgan yigirmatalik komissiyadan biri edi .
[[Fayl:Statua_di_Marco_Terenzio_Varrone_(Rieti)_02.jpg|alt=|thumb| [[Rieti|Rietidagi]] Markus Terentius Varro haykali]]
[[Aleksandriya urushi|Qaysarning fuqarolar urushi paytida]] u Ilerda yurishida Pompey qo'shinlaridan biriga qo'mondonlik qilgan.<ref>{{Kitob manbasi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hWSyDAAAQBAJ&q=VARRO+CIVIL+WAR+ILERDA+CAMPAIGN&pg=PA59|title=Civil War|last=Caesar|year=2016|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0674997035|language=en}}</ref> U [[Julius Caesar|Yuliy Tsezar]] tomonidan Farsalus jangidan oldin va keyin berilgan ikki avf orqali fuqarolar urushida mag'lub bo'lgan tomonda bo'lish jazosidan qutulgan.<ref>{{Kitob manbasi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H3ZaIYAaOSQC&q=varro+pardon+caesar+pharsalus&pg=PA214|title=A History of Medicine: Roman medicine|last=Prioreschi|first=Plinio|date=1996|publisher=Horatius Press|isbn=978-1888456035|language=en}}</ref> Keyinchalik Tsezar uni 47-yilda Rim jamoat kutubxonasini boshqarishga tayinladi. Ammo, Qaysarning o'limidan keyin [[Mark Antoniy|Mark Entoni]] uni taqiqlab qo'ydi, natijada uning ko'p mol-mulki, shu jumladan kutubxonasi yo'qoladi. Respublika imperiyaga o'z o'rnini bosganida, Varro [[Avgust (imperator)|Avgustning]] marhamatiga sazovor bo'ldi, uning himoyasi ostida u o'zini o'qish va yozishga bag'ishlash uchun xavfsizlik va xotirjamlikni topdi.

Varro Rim filologi Lusius Aelius Stilo, keyinroq [[Afina (shahar)|Afinada]] [[Akademiya|akademik]] faylasuf Antiox Askalonlik qo'l ostida tahsil oldi. Varro juda samarali yozuvchi ekanligini isbotladi va turli mavzularda lotin tilida 74 dan ortiq asarlar yaratdi. Uning ko'plab asarlari orasida tarixchilar uchun ikkitasi ajralib turadi; ''To'qqizta fanlar kitobi'' va uning ''Varron xronologiyasi'' to'plami. Uning ''"To'qqizta fanlar kitobi"'' keyingi ensiklopedistlarga, ayniqsa Pliniy Elderga namuna bo'ldi. ''To'qqizta fanlar kitobining'' eng diqqatga sazovor qismi bu [[Yetti erkin sanʼat|liberal san'atdan]] tashkiliy tamoyillar sifatida foydalanishdir.<ref name="Lindberg">{{Kitob manbasi|title=The Beginnings of Western Science|last=Lindberg|first=David|year=2007|publisher=University of Chicago Press|location=Chicago|isbn=978-0-226-48205-7|page=137|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dPUBAkIm2lUC&pg=PA137|accessdate=6 March 2010}}</ref> Varro ushbu san'atning to'qqiztasini aniqlashga qaror qildi: [[grammatika]], [[ritorika]], [[mantiq]], [[arifmetika]], [[geometriya]], [[astronomiya]], musiqa nazariyasi, tibbiyot va [[Meʼmorlik|arxitektura]] . Varro ro'yxatidan foydalanib, keyingi yozuvchilar yettita klassik "o'rta asr maktablarining liberal san'ati" ni aniqladilar.<ref name="Lindberg" />

Miloddan avvalgi 37-yilda,<ref>{{Kitob manbasi|title=The Cambridge companion to the Roman Republic|url=https://archive.org/details/cambridgecompani0000unse_a6s6|last=Flower, Harriet I., director de la publicación.|date=2014|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-66942-0|pages=[https://archive.org/details/cambridgecompani0000unse_a6s6/page/177 177]|oclc=904729745}}</ref> keksaligida u rafiqasi Fundaniya uchun qishloq xoʻjaligi haqida ham yozgan va katta hajmli ''De re rustica''  asarini yozgan - bu Katon Elderning oʻxshash “ ''De agri cultura'' ” asariga oʻxshash. — qullar tasarrufidagi yirik mulklarni boshqarish toʻgʻrisida.<ref>{{Kitob manbasi|title=The Cambridge companion to the Roman Republic|url=https://archive.org/details/cambridgecompani0000unse_a6s6|last=Flower, Harriet I., director de la publicación.|date=2014|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-66942-0|pages=[https://archive.org/details/cambridgecompani0000unse_a6s6/page/193 193]|oclc=904729745}}</ref>

== Kalendarlar ==
[[Fayl:Roman-calendar.png|thumb| Fasti Antiates Maiores, Rim kalendarini o'z ichiga olgan yozuv. Bu kalendar kalendarning Julian islohotidan oldinroq; u ''Quintilis'' va ''Sextilis oylarini'' o'z ichiga oladi va interkalar oyni kiritish imkonini beradi.]]
''Varron xronologiyasini'' tuzish uning davrigacha bo'lgan Rim tarixining aniq yilma-yil xronologiyasini aniqlashga urinish edi. U [[Rim Respublikasi]] konsullarining an'anaviy ketma-ketligiga asoslanadi - kerak bo'lganda "diktatorlik" va "anarxiya" yillarini kiritish orqali to'ldiriladi. Bu biroz noto'g'ri ekanligi ko'rsatildi, lekin ko'pchilik tomonidan qabul qilingan standart xronologiyaga aylandi, chunki u Rimdagi Avgust archasiga yozilgan; Garchi, bu kamar endi tik turmasa ham, xronologiyaning katta qismi ''Fasti Kapitolini nomi bilan saqlanib qolgan.''

== Ilmiy ishlari ==
Varroning adabiy asarlari sermahsul edi; Ritschl buni 74 deb baholagan&nbsp;620 ga yaqin joyda ishlatiladigan&nbsp;kitoblar, ulardan faqat bittasi to'liq saqlanib qolgan, garchi bizda qolganlarning ko'p bo'laklari bor bo'lsa-da, asosan Gelliusning Chordoq ''kechalari'' . U Kvintilian tomonidan "Rimliklarning eng bilimdoni" deb atalgan<ref>{{Kitob manbasi|last=Quintilian|authorlink=Quintilian|title=Institutio Oratoria|chapter=Chapter 1|chapterurl=https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Quintilian/Institutio_Oratoria/10A*.html#1.95}}</ref> va shuningdek, [[Plutarx]] tomonidan "Rim tarixini chuqur o'qigan odam" sifatida tan olingan.<ref>{{Kitob manbasi|last=Plutarch|title=Life of Romulus|publisher=Modern Library|location=New York|pages=31}}</ref>

Varro boshqa ko'plab qadimiy mualliflar tomonidan muhim manba sifatida tan olingan, ular orasida [[Sitseron Mark Tulliy|Tsitseron]], Katta Pliniy, ''Georgiklardagi'' [[Vergiliy|Virjil]], Kolumella, Avus Gelliy, Makrobius, [[Avgustin Avreliy|Avgustin]] va [[Vitruviy]] [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Vitruvius/7*.html#Intro.14 (VII.] [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Vitruvius/7*.html#Intro.14 Intr.14)] arxitektura bo'yicha.

Uning yagona to'liq asari ''Rerum rusticarum libri tres'' ( ''Qishloq xo'jaligi bo'yicha uchta kitob'' ) "o'zi yozgan hamma narsani ko'rgan va amalda qo'llagan tajribali va muvaffaqiyatli fermerning yaxshi hazm qilingan tizimi" deb ta'riflangan.<ref name="RFM">{{Kitob manbasi|last=Harrison|first=Fairfax|title=Roman Farm Management|year=1918|publisher=The Macmillan Company|location=New York|pages=1–14 [10]|chapterurl=https://archive.org/details/romanfarmmanagem02harruoft|chapter=Note Upon the Roman Agronomists}}</ref>

Ishning diqqatga sazovor jihatlaridan biri uning [[mikrobiologiya]] va [[Epidemiologiya|epidemiologiyani]] oldindan bilishidir. Varro o'z o'quvchilarini botqoqlik va botqoqlardan saqlanishni ogohlantirdi, chunki bunday joylarda ko‘zga ko‘rinmaydigan, lekin havoda suzib yurib, og‘iz-burun orqali tanaga kirib, og‘ir xastaliklarni keltirib chiqaradigan bir qancha mayda jonzotlar yetishtirilgan.<ref>{{Kitob manbasi|last=Varro|first=Marcus Terentius|year=2014|origyear=1934|title=De Re Rustica|url=https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Varro/de_Re_Rustica/1*.html#12.2|publisher=Loeb Classical Library}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Thompson|first1=Sue|date=March 2014|title=From Ground to Tap|url=http://mag.digitalpc.co.uk/fvx/rsc/themole/1403/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141012012410/http://www.rsc.org/eic/sites/default/files/The-Mole-March-2014-corrected.pdf|archivedate=12 October 2014|journal=The Mole|page=3 (sidebar)|access-date=August 21, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hempelmann|first1=Ernst|last2=Krafts|first2=Kristine|date=October 2013|title=Bad Air, Amulets and Mosquitoes: 2,000 Years of Changing Perspectives on Malaria|journal=Malaria Journal|volume=12|page=232|doi=10.1186/1475-2875-12-232|pmid=23835014|pmc=3723432|issn=1475-2875}}</ref><blockquote></blockquote>

=== Hozirgi asarlar ===
[[Fayl:Birdhouse_at_Casinum.jpg|thumb| Varro tomonidan ishlab chiqilgan va qurilgan Kasinumdagi qush uyining rejasi.]]

* ''De lingua latina libri XXV'' (yoki ''Lotin tili haqida 25 kitobda'', ulardan oltita kitobi (V–X) saqlanib qolgan, qisman o'zgargan.)
* ''Rerum rusticarum libri III'' (yoki ''uchta kitobdagi qishloq xo'jaligi mavzulari'' )

=== Yo'qolgan asarlar ===

* ''Saturarum Menippearum libri CL'' yoki ''Menippean Satiras 150 kitobda''
* ''Antiquitates rerum humanarum et divinarum libri XLI'' ( ''Inson va ilohiy narsalarning qadimiylari'' )<ref>{{Yangiliklar manbasi |title=Marcus Terentius Varro {{!}} Roman author |work=Encyclopedia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Marcus-Terentius-Varro |access-date=4 January 2019}}</ref>
* ''Logistoricon libri LXXVI''
* ''Hebdomades vel de imaginibus''
* ''Disciplinarum libri IX'' (birinchi kitobi grammatika bilan bog'liq bo'lgan liberal san'at ensiklopediyasi)
* ''De rebus urbanis libri III'' (yoki ''uchta kitobdagi shahar mavzulari haqida'' )
* ''De gente populi Romani libri IIII'' (qarang. [[Avgustin Avreliy|Avgustin]], " De civitate dei " xxi. 8. )
* ''De sua vita libri III'' (yoki ''o'z hayoti haqida uchta kitobda'' )
* ''De familiis troianis'' (yoki ''Troya oilalari haqida'' )
* ''De Antiquitate Litterarum libri II'' (fojiali shoir Lucius Acciusga murojaat ; shuning uchun bu uning eng qadimgi asarlaridan biridir)
* ''De Origine Linguae Latinae libri III'' ( [[Pompey gney|Pompeyga]] murojaat qilingan; qarang. Avgustin, " De civitate dei " xxii. 28. )
* ''Ġněrēčn'' (kamida uchta kitobda, so'zlarning shakllanishi haqida)
* ''Quaestiones Plautinae libri V'' ( Plautus komediyalarida uchraydigan nodir so'zlarning talqinini o'z ichiga olgan)
* ''De Similitudine Verborum libri III'' (shakllar va so'zlarning muntazamligi to'g'risida)
* ''De Utilitate Sermonis libri IIII'' (anomaliya yoki tartibsizlik printsipi bo'yicha)
* ''{{Tarjima qilinmagan|De Sermone Latino|it|De sermone Latino}} libri V (?)'' (Marselusga, {{Refn|Several people called [[Marcellus (disambiguation)|Marcellus]] lived during Varro's time. The identity of this one is unclear.<ref>{{cite book |chapter-url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/16400/16400-h/varrolat.htm |website=[[Project Gutenberg|Gutenberg]] |title=De M. Terenti Varronis Libris Grammaticis |first=Augustus |last=Wilmanns |author-link=August Wilmanns |location=Berlin |publisher=[[Weidmannsche Buchhandlung|Weidmann]] |year=1864 |chapter=II:97 |quote=Marcellus autem ad quem haec uolumina misit quis fuerit nescio.}}</ref>}} orfografiya va sheʼr oʻlchovlari boʻyicha)
* ''De philosophia'' (qarang. [[Avgustin Avreliy|Avgustin]], " De civitate dei " xix. 1. )

Ushbu asarlarning saqlanib qolgan qismlarining aksariyati (asosan grammatik asarlar) ''De Lingua Latina'' ning Goetz-Schoell nashrida, pp.&nbsp;199–242; Wilmanns to'plamida, pp.&nbsp;170–223; va Funaiolida, pp.&nbsp;179–371.

== Manbalar ==
{{Manbalar|25em}}

== O'qish uchun qo'shimcha adabiyotlar ==

* Kardauns, B. ''Marcus Terentius Varro: Einführung in sein Werk'' . Heidelberger Studienhefte zur Altertumswissenschaft. Heidelberg, Germaniya: C. Winter, 2001 yil.
* d'Alessandro, P. “Varrone e la tradizione metrica antica”. ''Spudasmata'', 143-jild. Xildesheym; Tsyurix; Nyu-York: Georg Olms Verlag, 2012 yil.
* Dahlmann, HM “Terentius Varro. Paulys Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft. 6-qo'shimcha, ''Abretten bis Thunudromon'' . Vilgelm Kroll tomonidan tahrirlangan, 1172–1277. Shtutgart: Metzler, 1935 yil.
* Ferriss-Hill, J. “Varroning qarindoshlik munosabatlari sezgisi”. ''Illinoys klassik tadqiqotlari'', jild 39, 2014, 81-108-betlar.
* Freudenburg, K. " ''Goratsi va'zlarida Varroning'' keyingi hayoti: Rim satirasidagi umumiy muammolar". ''Lotin adabiyotidagi umumiy interfeyslar: uchrashuvlar, o'zaro ta'sirlar va o'zgarishlar'', Stavros Frangoulidis tomonidan tahrirlangan, De Gruyter, 2013, 297-336-betlar.
* Kronenberg, L. ''Gretsiya va Rimdan dehqonchilik allegoriyalari: Ksenofont, Varro va Virgildagi falsafiy satira'' . Kembrij/Nyu-York: [[Kembrij universiteti nashriyoti]], 2009.
* Nelsestuen, G. ''Varro agronom: Siyosiy falsafa, satira va kech respublikada qishloq xo'jaligi'' . Kolumbus: Ogayo shtati universiteti nashriyoti, 2015 yil.
* Richardson, JS "Metellus Scipioning g'alabasi va Varroning dramatik sanasi, RR 3." ''Klassik choraklik'', 33-jild, №. 2, 1983 yil, 456–463-betlar.
* Teylor, DJ. ''Declinatio : Markus Terentius Varroning lingvistik nazariyasini o'rganish'' . Amsterdam: Jon Benjamins nashriyot kompaniyasi, 1974 yil.
* Van Nuffelen, P. "Varroning ilohiy qadimiylari: Rim dini haqiqat tasviri sifatida". ''Klassik filologiya'', 105-jild, №. 2, 2010, 162–188-betlar.

== Tashqi manbalar ==

* Works by Marcus Terentius Varro at Project Gutenberg
* Works by or about Marcus Terentius Varro at [[Internet Archive]]
* Works by Marcus Terentius Varro at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks) 
* [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Varro/de_Re_Rustica/home.html de&nbsp;Re Rustica] (Latin and English at LacusCurtius)
* [http://www.attalus.org/info/varro.html Links to translation of ''De Linga Latina'' by R.G.Kent]
* [https://www.livius.org/cg-cm/chronology/varro.html Livius.org: Varronian chronology] {{Webarxiv|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141007093520/http://www.livius.org/cg-cm/chronology/varro.html |date=2014-10-07 }}
* [http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/varro.html thelatinlibrary.com: Latin works of Varro]
* [https://oxfordre.com/classics/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.001.0001/acrefore-9780199381135-e-6699 Oxford Classical Dictionary]
* [https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780195389661/obo-9780195389661-0161.xml Oxford Bibliographies]
{{Ancient Rome topics|state=collapsed}}
[[Turkum:Qadimgi Rim yozuvchilari]]