Mswati III sahifasining manbasini koʻrish

{{Hukmdor
|ismi         = Mswati III
|portret = King Mswati III 2014.jpg
|razmer = 200px
|davlat   = [[Esvatini]]
|lavozim        = qiroli
|hukmronligining boshlanishi        = [[1986-yil]]dan
|oʻtmishdosh =[[Sobhuza II]]
|xotinlari       = 15 ta xotini bor
|bolalari        = 32 
|tavallud sanasi   = {{tugʻilgan sanasi va yoshi|1968|4|19|df=y}}
|tavallud joyi = [[Manzini]], [[Esvatini]]
}}
'''Mswati III''' (asl ismi '''Makhosetive''', 19-aprel 1968-yil) – [[Esvatini]] qirolidir<ref>{{Citation |year= |title=Genealogy:SWAZILAND |url=http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/states/southafrica/swaziland.html |access-date=2017-10-03 |archivedate=2018-05-19 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180519204518/http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/states/southafrica/swaziland.html }}</ref><ref>{{veb manbasi|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/dated-event/king-mswati-iii-born |title=King Mswati III is born &#124; South African History Online |publisher=Sahistory.org.za |date=1968-04-19 |accessdate=2014-04-26}}</ref>.

Manzini shahrida tugʻilgan. Qirol Sobhuza II va uning kichik xotini Ntfombi Tfvalaning oilasida tugʻilgan<ref>{{Veb manbasi |url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/dated-event/king-mswati-iii-born |sarlavha=King Mswati III is born &#124; South African History Online |nashriyot=Sahistory.org.za |sana=19 April 1968 |qaralgan sana=26 April 2014}}</ref>. 1986-yil 25-aprelda 18 yoshida Svazilend qiroli unvoniga sazovor boʻldi va shu tariqa oʻsha paytda dunyodagi eng yosh hukmron monarxga aylandi.

Cheklanmagan siyosiy hokimiyatga ega va farmon bilan hukmronlik qila oladigan Mswati III, Qirolicha onasi Ntfombi Tfwala bilan birga Afrikada soʻnggi [[Mutlaq monarxiya|mutlaq monarx]] va dunyo boʻyicha mutlaq milliy yoki submilliy monarxlardan biri boʻlib qolgan<ref>{{Yangiliklar manbasi |last=Staff |date=2021-06-29 |title=Armed forces open fire in crackdown on anti-monarchy protests in Eswatini |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/jun/29/soldiers-deployed-eswatini-crackdown-protests |access-date=2023-08-31 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>. Konstitutsiyaga koʻra, qirol mudofaa kuchlarining bosh qoʻmondoni, politsiya va axloq tuzatish xizmatlarining bosh komissari hisoblanadi va Msvati III milliy hukumatning barcha boʻgʻinlari ustidan yakuniy hokimiyatni amalga oshiradi. Boshliqlar oʻz taʼsiri orqali mahalliy boshqaruvni samarali nazorat qiladi<ref name="freedomhouse.org">{{Veb manbasi |sarlavha=Eswatini: Freedom in the World 2022 Country Report |url=https://freedomhouse.org/country/eswatini/freedom-world/2022 |qaralgan sana=2023-08-31 |ish=Freedom House |til=en}}</ref><ref>{{Veb manbasi |sarlavha=Eswatini |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/eswatini/ |qaralgan sana=2023-08-31 |ish=United States Department of State |til=en-US}}</ref>.

Msvati III [[Poligamiya|koʻpxotinliligi]] bilan mashhur va hozir uning 15 nafar xotini bor<ref name="Tel13">{{Yangiliklar manbasi |last=Laing |first=Aislinn |date=18 September 2013 |title=King of Swaziland chooses teenager as 15th wife |work=The Telegraph |location=London |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/swaziland/10315849/King-of-Swaziland-chooses-teenager-as-15th-wife.html |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |access-date=2 December 2013 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/swaziland/10315849/King-of-Swaziland-chooses-teenager-as-15th-wife.html |archive-date=12 January 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Yangiliklar manbasi |last=Bearak |first=Barry |date=5 September 2008 |title=In Destitute Swaziland, Leader Lives Royally |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/06/world/africa/06king.html |access-date=21 July 2021 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>. 2018-yilda Msvati III farmoni bilan mamlakat nomi Esvatini (rasmiy ravishda Esvatini Qirolligi) deb oʻzgartirildi<ref>{{Yangiliklar manbasi |date=2018-04-19 |title=Swaziland king renames country 'the Kingdom of eSwatini' |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-43821512 |access-date=2023-08-31}}</ref><ref>{{Veb manbasi |sarlavha=Times Of Swaziland |url=http://www.times.co.sz/news/118373-kingdom-of-eswatini-change-now-official.html |qaralgan sana=2023-08-31 |ish=www.times.co.sz |arxivsana=2019-03-27 |arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327101352/http://www.times.co.sz/news/118373-kingdom-of-eswatini-change-now-official.html }}</ref>.

Uning hukmronligi davrida siyosiy norozilik, fuqarolik va mehnat faolligi fitna va boshqa qonunlar boʻyicha qattiq jazoga tortildi<ref name="freedomhouse.org"/>. Esvatinida 1973-yildan beri favqulodda holat eʼlon qilinganidan beri siyosiy partiyalar faoliyati taqiqlangan<ref>{{Veb manbasi |sarlavha=Swaziland: Africa's last absolute monarchy |url=https://www.dw.com/en/swaziland-africas-last-absolute-monarchy/a-17784664 |qaralgan sana=2023-08-31 |ish=dw.com |ism=Philipp |muallif=Sandner |sana=2014-07-14 |til=en}}</ref>. 2021-yilda demokratiya tarafdorlari qilgan norozilik namoyishlari zoʻravonlik bilan tarqatib yuborildi va siyosiy faollar hibsga olindi, qiynoqlar va boshqa shafqatsizliklarga duchor boʻldi hamda ularning uylariga xavfsizlik kuchlari tomonidan bosqin uyushtirildi<ref>{{Veb manbasi |sarlavha=Human rights in Eswatini |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/location/africa/southern-africa/eswatini/report-eswatini/ |qaralgan sana=2023-08-31 |ish=Amnesty International |til=en}}</ref><ref>{{Yangiliklar manbasi |last=Burke |first=Jason |date=2023-01-24 |title=Eswatini: murder of pro-democracy activist prompts outrage |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/jan/24/eswatini-of-pro-democracy-activist-prompts-outrage |access-date=2023-08-31 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>. Hukumat radioeshittirish vositalarini, shu jumladan qirol oilasiga tegishli boʻlgan yagona xususiy telekanalni toʻliq nazorat qiladi. Deyarli barcha ommaviy axborot vositalari toʻgʻridan-toʻgʻri yoki bilvosita Msvati III tomonidan nazorat qilinadi<ref name="pmo">{{Veb manbasi |url=http://www.gov.sz/home.asp?pid=3804 |sarlavha=The Issue of "€1 Million Spent on Princess Sikhanyiso" and The Issue of "Building" Royal Palaces by Swaziland Government |sana=26 January 2004 |nashriyot=Prime Ministers Office |arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071126001057/http://www.gov.sz/home.asp?pid=3804 |arxivsana=26 November 2007 |qaralgan sana=26 April 2014}}</ref>.

Msvati III, shuningdek, xalq hayotidan keskin farqli oʻlaroq, davlat mulkini oʻzlashtirishda ayblangan<ref name="R100">{{Yangiliklar manbasi |date=13 April 2011 |title=king needs R100m for palaces for 13 wives |work=[[Cape Argus]] |location=South Africa |url=http://www.thestar.co.za/index.php?fSectionId=128&fArticleId=323589 |access-date=13 April 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Yangiliklar manbasi |last=IRIN |last2=network |first2=part of the Guardian development |date=2013-03-20 |title=Swaziland government sells maize donated by Japan and banks the cash |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2013/mar/20/swaziland-government-sell-food-aid-japan |access-date=2023-08-31 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{Yangiliklar manbasi |date=2014-05-14 |title=King of impoverished Swaziland increases household budget to $61m |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |agency=Agence France-Presse |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/may/14/king-mswati-iii-swaziland-increases-household-budget |access-date=2023-08-31 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{Yangiliklar manbasi |last=Kelly |first=Jeremy |date=2023-08-31 |title=Swaziland king spends £13m on cars for his 15 wives |language=en |work=The Times |url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/swaziland-king-spends-13m-on-cars-for-his-15-wives-6ws3l5fmm |access-date=2023-08-31 |issn=0140-0460}}</ref>. 2022-yilda aholining taxminan 32 foizi kuniga xalqaro qashshoqlik chegarasidan (2017-yilda xarid qilish pariteti (PPP) boʻyicha oʻlchangan $2,15) pastda yashagan, aholining 55% esa oʻrtacha daromaddan past boʻlgan mamlakatlarning qashshoqlik chegarasida edi<ref name=":2">{{Yangiliklar manbasi |last=Serafin |first=Tatiana |date=17 June 2009 |title=The World's Richest Royals |work=Forbes |url=https://www.forbes.com/global/2008/0901/038.html}}</ref><ref>{{Veb manbasi |sarlavha=Overview |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/eswatini/overview |qaralgan sana=2023-08-31 |ish=World Bank |til=en}}</ref>.

== Hayoti ==
Msvati III 1968-yil 19-aprelda Raleigh Fitkin memorial kasalxonasida tugʻilgan. Otasi Sobhuzaning oʻgʻli. Uning 82 yillik hukmronligi davrida 70 ta xotini boʻlgan edi<ref>{{Yangiliklar manbasi |date=17 October 2002 |title='Mother-in-law' sues Swazi king |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/2335941.stm}}</ref>. Ntfombi Tfwalaning yagona farzandi boʻlib, Inxosikati LaTfwala nomi bilan ham tanilgan. U [[Esvatini]] [[Birlashgan Qirollik|Buyuk Britaniyadan]] mustaqillikka erishishidan toʻrt oy oldin tugʻilgan.

1982-yil 21-avgustda qirol Sobxuza II vafot etganida, Buyuk Davlat Kengashi (''Liqoqo'') 14 yoshli shahzoda Maxosetiveni qirol etib sayladi<ref>Simelane, Hamilton Sipho.</ref>. Keyingi toʻrt yil davomida Sobxuza II ning ikki rafiqasi, qirolicha Dzelive Shongve (1982-1983) va qirolicha [[Esvatini Ntfombi|Ntfombi Tfwala]] (1983-1986) regent boʻlib xizmat qildi.

Msvati 1983-yil sentyabr oyida valiahd shahzoda sifatida tanishtirildi. 1986-yil 25-aprelda, 18 yoshu 6 kunligida qirollik taxtiga oʻtirdi. Qirol va uning ''Indlovukati'' („Buyuk fil“) boʻlgan onasi birga hukmronlik qiladi<ref>{{Veb manbasi |muallif=Shaw |ism=Caroline Praderio, Gabbi |sarlavha=16 of the youngest monarchs in history |url=https://www.insider.com/youngest-monarchs-in-history-2017-2 |qaralgan sana=2022-09-09 |ish=Insider |til=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":02">{{Veb manbasi |sana=2015-05-28 |sarlavha=Five things you didn't know about human rights in Swaziland |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/campaigns/2015/05/five-things-you-didnt-know-about-human-rights-in-swaziland/ |qaralgan sana=2022-09-09 |ish=Amnesty International |til=en}}</ref>.

Bugungi kunda qirol Msvati III Afrikaning soʻnggi mutlaq monarxi boʻlib, bosh vazir, boshqa oliy hukumat lavozimlari va anʼanaviy yuqori lavozimlarni tanlash huquqiga ega. Uchrashuvlarni tayinlagan boʻlsa-da, u hali ham malika onasi va kengashidan, masalan, bosh vazirni tanlaganida, maxsus maslahat olishi kerak. Vazirlar mahkamasini tayinlash masalalarida u bosh vazirdan maslahat oladi. U farmon bilan boshqargan, ammo hokimiyatning jilovi qirolda qolishini taʼminlash uchun otasi tomonidan tarqatib yuborilgan mamlakat parlamentini tikladi. Parlament aʼzolari uning oʻzi (senatorlarning uchdan ikki qismi va oʻn nafar deputat) tomonidan tayinlanadi yoki hokimiyatga yaqin boʻlgan anʼanaviy boshliqlar tomonidan saylanadi. Yevangelist cherkovlariga yaqin joyda u ajralish va mini yubka kiyishni taqiqlagan<ref name="Africaʻs last absolute monarchy">{{Veb manbasi |url=https://mondediplo.com/2018/10/10swaziland |sarlavha=Africa's last absolute monarchy |ish=Le Monde Diplomatique |ism=Alan |muallif=Vicky |sana=October 2018 |qaralgan sana=19 November 2023}}</ref>.

2006-yilda Msvati soʻz va yigʻilish erkinligiga ruxsat beruvchi yangi konstitutsiyani eʼlon qildi. Biroq [[Amnesty International]] amalda erkinliklar cheklanganini tanqid qiladi<ref name=":02"/>.

2001-yilda OIV va OITS pandemiyasini yumshatish maqsadida qirol oʻzining anʼanaviy vakolatlaridan foydalanib, malika homiyligida oʻzining [[Jinsiy aloqadan voz kechish|poklik]] [[Ritual|marosimini]] (umcwasho) oʻtkazdi, bu esa barcha svaziyalik qizlarni besh yil davomida jinsiy aloqadan voz kechishga majbur qildi. Bu oxirgi marta 1971-yilda [[Sobxuza II]] davrida amalga oshirilgan edi<ref name="Kuipers">{{Veb manbasi |url=http://ozoutback.com.au/Swaziland/mcwasho_71/index.html |sarlavha=The uMcwasho Ceremony in 1971 |sana=10 March 2014 |ish=ozoutback.com.au |ism=Ludo |muallif=Kuipers |nashriyot=OzOutback |qaralgan sana=26 April 2014 |iqtibos=Photos of the umcwasho Ceremony in 1971, in which girls finish a period of moral restrictions and dance in front of the King. |arxivsana=2021-04-16 |arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416163856/https://ozoutback.com.au/Swaziland/mcwasho_71/index.html }}</ref>. Bu marosim 2001-yil 9-sentabrdan 2005-yil 19-avgustigacha 18 yoshgacha boʻlgan svaziyaliklar uchun jinsiy aloqani taqiqlagan edi. Lekin bu taqiq qoʻyilganidan atigi ikki oy oʻtgach, oʻzi bu farmonni buzdi<ref>{{Yangiliklar manbasi |date=23 August 2005 |title=Swazi king drops sex-ban tassels |publisher=BBC |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/4165432.stm |access-date=29 January 2019}}</ref>. 17 yoshli lixovela (qirollik kelini) tanlanganida uning 13-xotini boʻlgan. Odatga koʻra, u polk aʼzolari tomonidan sigirga jarima solgan va u tegishli ravishda toʻlagan.

== Manbalar ==
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{{Monarxlar}}

[[Turkum:Esvatini monarxlari]]
[[Turkum:Yashayotgan insonlar]]