Muhammad Ali Jinnoh: Versiyalar orasidagi farq
Avtomatik translit va nom yoʻnaltirishi: Muhammad Ali Jinnoh | Oʻzbekcha Vikipediyadan (UzWiki) 100% asl holatida import qilindi. | ||
{{Davlat arbobi bilgiqutisi|partiya=[[Muslim League (Pakistan)|Muslim League]] (1947–1948)|munosabatlar=See [[Jinnah family]]}} | |||
'''Muhammad Ali Jinna''' (Urdu talaffuzi: [moɦəmːəd̪ əliː d͡ʒɪnːɑːɦ], Gujarati talaffuzi: [məɦ(ə)məd̪ əli d͡ʒʱiɽ̃ɑ]; tugʻilgan '''Mahomedali Jinnahbhai'''; 1876-yil - 25-dekabr - 1948-yil 11-sentabr) huquqshunos, siyosatchi va [[Pokiston]] asoschisi {{Sfn|Ahmed}} Jinna 1913-yildan 1947-yil 14-avgustda Pokiston tashkil etilgunga qadar Butun Hindiston musulmonlar ligasining rahbari, soʻngra vafotigacha Pokistonning birinchi general-gubernatori boʻlib ishlagan. Pokistonda uni ''Quaid-i-Azam'' ("Buyuk Rahbar") va ''Baba-i-Qaum'' (" Xalq otasi ") sifatida hurmat qilishadi. Uning tugʻilgan kuni Pokistonda milliy bayram sifatida nishonlanadi. | |||
[[Karachi|Karachi shahridagi]] Vazir saroyida tugʻilgan Jinna Angliyaning [[London]] shahridagi Linkoln's Inn'da advokat sifatida oʻqitilgan. Hindistonga qaytib kelgach, u Bombey Oliy sudiga ishga kirdi va milliy siyosatga qiziqdi, bu uning yuridik faoliyatini siyosat bilan almashtirdi. Jinna XX asrning dastlabki yigirma yilligida Hindiston Milliy Kongressida mashhurlikka erishdi. Siyosiy karyerasining dastlabki yillarida Jinna hind-musulmon birligini yoqlab, Kongress va Butun Hindiston musulmon ligasi oʻrtasida 1916-yilda Lakxnau paktini shakllantirishga yordam berdi, bunda Jinna ham mashhur boʻldi. Jinna Butun Hindistonda uy boshqaruvi ligasida asosiy yetakchiga aylandi va Hindiston yarimorolidagi [[Musulmon|musulmonlarning]] siyosiy huquqlarini himoya qilish uchun o‘n to‘rt banddan iborat konstitutsiyaviy islohot rejasini taklif qildi. Biroq, 1920-yilda Jinna Kongressdan iste'foga chiqdi va u [[Anarxizm|siyosiy anarxiya]] deb hisoblagan ''[[satyagraxa]]'' kampaniyasini kuzatishga rozi boʻldi. | |||
1940-yilga kelib, Jinna subkontinent musulmonlari mustaqil hind-musulmon davlatida qoʻlga kiritishlari mumkin boʻlgan chegaralangan maqomdan qochish uchun oʻz davlatiga ega boʻlishi kerakligiga ishondi. Oʻsha yili Jinna boshchiligidagi Musulmonlar Ligasi hind musulmonlari uchun alohida millat boʻlishini talab qilib, Lahor rezolyutsiyasini qabul qildi. [[Ikkinchi Jahon urushi|Ikkinchi jahon urushi davrida]] Kongress yetakchilari qamoqqa tashlangan paytda Liga kuchaydi va urushdan ko‘p o‘tmay o‘tkazilgan viloyat saylovlarida musulmonlar uchun ajratilgan o‘rinlarning ko‘pini qo‘lga kiritdi. Oxir-oqibat, Kongress va Musulmonlar Ligasi butun Britaniya Hindistonining mustaqillikka erishgandan soʻng yagona davlat sifatida birlashishiga imkon beradigan hokimiyatni taqsimlash formulasiga erisha olmadi. | |||
== Meros == | |||
[[Fayl:Tomb_Jinnah.jpg|link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Tomb_Jinnah.jpg/250px-Tomb_Jinnah.jpg|thumb|250x250px| Karachidagi Muhammad Ali Jinna qabri]] | |||
=== Iqtiboslar === | |||
=== Manbalar === | |||
{{refbegin|30em}} | |||
* {{Cite book|last=Ahmed|first=Akbar S.|author-link=Akbar Ahmed|year=2005|orig-year=First published 1997|title=Jinnah, Pakistan, and Islamic Identity: The Search for Saladin|publisher=Routledge|location=London|isbn=978-1-134-75022-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RqyniTHXFxUC&pg=PT33|ref={{SfnRef|Ahmed}}}} | |||
* {{Cite book|last=Bolith|first=Hector|year=1954|title=Jinnah: Creator of Pakistan|url=https://archive.org/details/jinnahcreatorofp0000boli|url-access=registration|publisher=John Murray|location=London|oclc=1001456192|ref={{SfnRef|Bolitho}}}} | |||
* {{Cite book|last=Cohen|first=Stephen Philip|year=2004|title=The Idea of Pakistan|url=https://archive.org/details/ideaofpakistan00cohe|url-access=registration|publisher=Brookings Institution Press|location=Washington, D.C.|isbn=978-0-8157-1503-0|ref={{SfnRef|Cohen}}}} | |||
* {{Cite book|last=Gandhi|first=Rajmohan|author-link=Rajmohan Gandhi|year=1990|title=Patel: A Life|url=https://archive.org/details/patellife00rajm|publisher=Navajivan|location=[[Ahmedabad]]|asin=B0006EYQ0A|ref={{SfnRef|RGandhi}}}} | |||
* {{Cite book|last=Hibbard|first=Scott|year=1994|title=Religious Politics and Secular States: Egypt, India, and the United States|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ndxzxaXIvH0C|location=Baltimore|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|isbn=978-0-8018-9669-9|ref={{SfnRef|Hibbard}}}} | |||
* {{Cite book|last=Jalal|first=Ayesha|author-link=Ayesha Jalal|year=1994|title=The Sole Spokesman: Jinnah, the Muslim League and the Demand for Pakistan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D63KMRN1SJ8C|edition=paperback|location=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-45850-4|ref={{SfnRef|Jalal}}}} | |||
* {{Cite book|last=Jinnah|first=Fatima|author-link=Fatima Jinnah|year=1987|title=My Brother|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hwNuAAAAMAAJ|publisher=Quaid-i-Azam Academy|isbn=978-9694130361|ref={{SfnRef|Jinnah, Fatima}}}} | |||
* {{Cite book|last=Khan|first=Yasmin|year=2008|orig-year=2007|edition=paperback|title=The Great Partition: The Making of India and Pakistan|location=New Haven, Conn.|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-12078-3|ref={{SfnRef|Khan}}|url=https://archive.org/details/greatpartitionma00khan}} | |||
* {{Cite book|last=Malik|first=Iftikar H.|year=2008|series=The Greenwood Histories of the Modern Nations|title=The History of Pakistan|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofpakista0000mali|location=Westport, Conn.|publisher=Greenwood Press|isbn=978-0-313-34137-3|ref={{SfnRef|Malik}}}} | |||
* {{Cite book|last=Mohiuddin|first=Yasmeen Niaz|year=2007|title=Pakistan: A Global Studies Handbook|url=https://archive.org/details/pakistanglobalst0000mohi|location=Santa Barbara, California|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-85109-801-9|ref={{SfnRef|Mohiuddin}}}} | |||
* {{Cite journal|last=Moore|first=R. J.|year=1983|title=Jinnah and the Pakistan Demand|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_modern-asian-studies_1983-10_17_4/page/529|journal=Modern Asian Studies|volume=17|issue=4|pages=529–561|jstor=312235|doi=10.1017/S0026749X00011069|s2cid=144125491|ref={{sfnRef|Moore}}}} | |||
* {{Cite journal|last=Puri|first=Balraj|date=7 March 2008|title=Clues to understanding Jinnah|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|volume=43|issue=9|pages=33–35|publisher=Sameeksha Trust|location=Bombay|jstor=40277204|ref={{sfnRef|Puri}}}} | |||
* {{Cite book|last=Read|first=Anthony|author-link=Anthony Read|year=1997|title=The Proudest Day: India's Long Road to Independence|location=New York|publisher=W.W. Norton & Co.|isbn=978-0-393-04594-9|ref={{SfnRef|Read}}|url=https://archive.org/details/proudestdayindia00read}} | |||
* {{Cite book|last=Singh|first=Jaswant|author-link=Jaswant Singh|year=2009|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/611042665|title=Jinnah: India-Partition and Independence|location=Oxford|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-547927-0|oclc=611042665|ref={{SfnRef|Singh}}}} | |||
* {{Cite book|last=Wolpert|first=Stanley|author-link=Stanley Wolpert|year=1984|title=Jinnah of Pakistan|url=https://archive.org/details/jinnahofpakistan0000wolp|location=New York|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-503412-7|ref={{SfnRef|Wolpert}}}} | |||
{{refend|}} | |||
== Qoʻshimcha oʻqish == | |||
[[Turkum:Mumbay universiteti bitiruvchilari]] | |||
[[Turkum:Pokiston Prezidentlari]] | |||
[[Turkum:1948-yilda vafot etganlar]] | |||
[[Turkum:1876-yilda tugʻilganlar]] | |||
[[Turkum:1947-yilda tugʻilganlar]] | |||
[[Turkum:Alifbo boʻyicha siyosatchilar]] | |||
$2, $3 dagi (joriy) koʻrinishi
| Shaxsiy maʼlumotlari | |
|---|---|
| Siyosiy partiyasi | Muslim League (1947–1948) |
| Munosabatlari | See Jinnah family |
Muhammad Ali Jinna (Urdu talaffuzi: [moɦəmːəd̪ əliː d͡ʒɪnːɑːɦ], Gujarati talaffuzi: [məɦ(ə)məd̪ əli d͡ʒʱiɽ̃ɑ]; tugʻilgan Mahomedali Jinnahbhai; 1876-yil - 25-dekabr - 1948-yil 11-sentabr) huquqshunos, siyosatchi va Pokiston asoschisi [1] Jinna 1913-yildan 1947-yil 14-avgustda Pokiston tashkil etilgunga qadar Butun Hindiston musulmonlar ligasining rahbari, soʻngra vafotigacha Pokistonning birinchi general-gubernatori boʻlib ishlagan. Pokistonda uni Quaid-i-Azam ("Buyuk Rahbar") va Baba-i-Qaum (" Xalq otasi ") sifatida hurmat qilishadi. Uning tugʻilgan kuni Pokistonda milliy bayram sifatida nishonlanadi.
Karachi shahridagi Vazir saroyida tugʻilgan Jinna Angliyaning London shahridagi Linkoln's Inn'da advokat sifatida oʻqitilgan. Hindistonga qaytib kelgach, u Bombey Oliy sudiga ishga kirdi va milliy siyosatga qiziqdi, bu uning yuridik faoliyatini siyosat bilan almashtirdi. Jinna XX asrning dastlabki yigirma yilligida Hindiston Milliy Kongressida mashhurlikka erishdi. Siyosiy karyerasining dastlabki yillarida Jinna hind-musulmon birligini yoqlab, Kongress va Butun Hindiston musulmon ligasi oʻrtasida 1916-yilda Lakxnau paktini shakllantirishga yordam berdi, bunda Jinna ham mashhur boʻldi. Jinna Butun Hindistonda uy boshqaruvi ligasida asosiy yetakchiga aylandi va Hindiston yarimorolidagi musulmonlarning siyosiy huquqlarini himoya qilish uchun o‘n to‘rt banddan iborat konstitutsiyaviy islohot rejasini taklif qildi. Biroq, 1920-yilda Jinna Kongressdan iste'foga chiqdi va u siyosiy anarxiya deb hisoblagan satyagraxa kampaniyasini kuzatishga rozi boʻldi.
1940-yilga kelib, Jinna subkontinent musulmonlari mustaqil hind-musulmon davlatida qoʻlga kiritishlari mumkin boʻlgan chegaralangan maqomdan qochish uchun oʻz davlatiga ega boʻlishi kerakligiga ishondi. Oʻsha yili Jinna boshchiligidagi Musulmonlar Ligasi hind musulmonlari uchun alohida millat boʻlishini talab qilib, Lahor rezolyutsiyasini qabul qildi. Ikkinchi jahon urushi davrida Kongress yetakchilari qamoqqa tashlangan paytda Liga kuchaydi va urushdan ko‘p o‘tmay o‘tkazilgan viloyat saylovlarida musulmonlar uchun ajratilgan o‘rinlarning ko‘pini qo‘lga kiritdi. Oxir-oqibat, Kongress va Musulmonlar Ligasi butun Britaniya Hindistonining mustaqillikka erishgandan soʻng yagona davlat sifatida birlashishiga imkon beradigan hokimiyatni taqsimlash formulasiga erisha olmadi.
Meros
[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]
Iqtiboslar
[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]Manbalar
[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]- Ahmed, Akbar S.. Jinnah, Pakistan, and Islamic Identity: The Search for Saladin. London: Routledge, 2005. ISBN 978-1-134-75022-1.
- Bolith, Hector. Jinnah: Creator of Pakistan. London: John Murray, 1954. OCLC 1001456192.
- Cohen, Stephen Philip. The Idea of Pakistan. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press, 2004. ISBN 978-0-8157-1503-0.
- Gandhi, Rajmohan. Patel: A Life. Ahmedabad: Navajivan, 1990.
- Hibbard, Scott. Religious Politics and Secular States: Egypt, India, and the United States. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1994. ISBN 978-0-8018-9669-9.
- Jalal, Ayesha. The Sole Spokesman: Jinnah, the Muslim League and the Demand for Pakistan, paperback, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994. ISBN 978-0-521-45850-4.
- Jinnah, Fatima. My Brother. Quaid-i-Azam Academy, 1987. ISBN 978-9694130361.
- Khan, Yasmin. The Great Partition: The Making of India and Pakistan, paperback, New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 2008. ISBN 978-0-300-12078-3.
- Malik, Iftikar H.. The History of Pakistan, The Greenwood Histories of the Modern Nations. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 2008. ISBN 978-0-313-34137-3.
- Mohiuddin, Yasmeen Niaz. Pakistan: A Global Studies Handbook. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO, 2007. ISBN 978-1-85109-801-9.
- Moore, R. J. (1983). "Jinnah and the Pakistan Demand". Modern Asian Studies 17 (4): 529–561. doi:10.1017/S0026749X00011069. https://archive.org/details/sim_modern-asian-studies_1983-10_17_4/page/529.
- Puri, Balraj (7 March 2008). "Clues to understanding Jinnah". Economic and Political Weekly (Bombay: Sameeksha Trust) 43 (9): 33–35.
- Read, Anthony. The Proudest Day: India's Long Road to Independence. New York: W.W. Norton & Co., 1997. ISBN 978-0-393-04594-9.
- Singh, Jaswant. Jinnah: India-Partition and Independence. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009. ISBN 978-0-19-547927-0. OCLC 611042665.
- Wolpert, Stanley. Jinnah of Pakistan. New York: Oxford University Press, 1984. ISBN 978-0-19-503412-7.