Oenothera biennis sahifasining manbasini koʻrish

{| class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb (180,250,180)" |''Oenothera biennis''
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center" |[[Fayl:Oenothera_biennis,_Vic-la-Gardiole_01.jpg|frameless]]
|- style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb (180,250,180)"
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! colspan="2" style="min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb (180,250,180)" |Ilmiy tasniflash
|-
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|Oʻsimliklar
|-
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|Yuksak oʻsimliklar
|-
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|Gulli oʻsimliklar
|-
|
|Ikki urugʻpallalilar
|-
|
|[[Rosids]]
|-
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|[[Myrtales]]
|-
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|[[Onagraceae]]
|-
|
|''[[Oenothera]]''
|-
|
|<div class="species" style="display:inline">'''''O.&nbsp;biennis'''''</div>
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb (180,250,180)" |Binar nomi
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center" |'''<span class="binomial">''Oenothera biennis''</span>'''<br /><br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">[[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]</div>
|- style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb (180,250,180)"
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb (180,250,180)" |Sinonimlar
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align: left" |
<div class="plainlist " style=" margin-left: 1em; text-indent: -1em;">
* ''Brunyera biennis'' <small>Bubani</small>
* ''Oenothera chicaginensis'' <small>de Vries ex Renner & Cleland</small>
* ''Oenothera chicagoensis'' <small>Renner ex R.E.Cleland & Blakeslee</small>
* ''Oenothera grandiflora'' <small>L’Hér.</small>
* ''Oenothera muricata'' <small>L.</small>
* ''Oenothera pycnocarpa'' <small>G.F. Atk.</small> <small>& Bartlett</small>
* ''Oenothera renneri'' <small>H.Scholz</small>
* ''Oenothera rubricaulis'' <small>Kleb.</small>
* ''Oenothera stenopetala'' <small>E.P. Bicknell</small>
* ''Oenothera suaveolens'' <small>Pers.</small>
* ''Onagra biennis'' <small>(L.) Scop.</small>
* ''Onagra muricata'' <small>(L.) Moench</small>

</div>
|}

'''''Oenothera biennis''''', '''oddiy oqshom''' gulqogʻozi — Onagraceae oilasiga mansub [[Gulli oʻsimliklar|gulli oʻsimlik]] turi boʻlib, vatani [[Shimoliy Amerika|Shimoliy Amerikaning]] sharqi, markaziy qismi, gʻarbiy Nyufaundlenddan [[Alberta]]gacha, janubi-sharqdan [[Florida]]gacha va janubi-gʻarbdan [[Texas]]gacha boʻlgan hudud<ref>{{Veb manbasi|sarlavha=Evening primrose oil|url=https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/evening-primrose-oil|nashriyot=National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, US National Institutes of Health|qaralgan sana=3-avgust 2022-yil|sana=1-avgust 2020-yil}}</ref>.

Boshqa keng tarqalgan nomlari: '''oqshom yulduzi''', '''sundrop''', '''begona oʻtlar oqshom''' primrozi, '''nemis rampioni''', '''choʻchqa oʻti''' va '''isitma oʻsimliklari'''<ref>{{Veb manbasi|sarlavha=Evening primrose oil|url=https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/evening-primrose-oil|nashriyot=National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, US National Institutes of Health|qaralgan sana=3-avgust 2022-yil|sana=1-avgust 2020-yil}}</ref><ref>{{Kitob manbasi|last=Blanchan, N.|title=Wild Flowers Worth Knowing|year=1922|publisher=[[Project Gutenberg|Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation]]|authorlink=Neltje Blanchan}}</ref>.

== Tavsif ==
[[Fayl:Illustration_Oenothera_biennis0.jpg|thumb| ''Oenothera biennis tasviri'']]
''Oenothera biennisning'' umr koʻrish muddati ikki yil, boʻyi {{Cvt|1.6|m}} gacha yetadi<ref name=":0">{{Kitob manbasi|last=Elias|first=Thomas S.|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/244766414|title=Edible Wild Plants: A North American Field Guide to Over 200 Natural Foods|publisher=[[Sterling Publishing|Sterling]]|year=2009|isbn=978-1-4027-6715-9|location=New York|pages=103|oclc=244766414|origyear=1982|accessdate=8-yanvar 2021-yil}}</ref>. [[Barg|Barglari]] nayzasimon, uzunligi {{Cvt|8|-|18|cm|0}}, kengligi {{Cvt|2|-|6|cm|frac=4}}<ref name=":0" />. Gullash bahorning oxiridan yoz oxirigacha davom etadi. Gullar [[Bir jinsli gul|germafrodit]] boʻlib, boshoq toʻpgulda joylashadi. Gullari har oqshomda ochiladi, shuning uchun „kechki primrose“ deb nomlanadi.

Gullar sariq, diametri {{Cvt|2.5|-|5|cm|frac=4}}, toʻrtta ikki qavatli [[Gulbarg|gulbargdan]] tuzilgan. Gulda koʻzga koʻrinmas nektar naqshlari bor. Bu naqsh ultrabinafsha nurlar ostida koʻrinadi va uning [[Changlanish|changlatuvchilari]], [[kuya]], [[kapalaklar]] va asalarilarni oʻziga tortadi. Mevasi [[Koʻsak|koʻsak]] uzunligi {{Cvt|2|-|4|cm|frac=4}}, kengligi {{Cvt|4|-|6|mm|2}}, tarkibida koʻp sonli uzunligi {{Cvt|1|-|2|mm|2}} boʻlgan [[Urugʻlik|urugʻlar]] joylashgan.

Oʻsimlik urugʻlari qushlar uchun muhim ozuqa. U primrose kuya va oq chiziqli sfenks kuya uchun lichinka xoʻjayini hisoblanadi<ref>The Xerces Society (2016), ''Gardening for Butterflies: How You Can Attract and Protect Beautiful, Beneficial Insects'', Timber Press.</ref>.
[[Fayl:Oenothera.svg|thumb| Gullar diagrammasi.]]
[[Fayl:Ola_kwiatek_żółty_Niemirów_nad_Bugiem_pl.jpg|thumb| Kechqurun gul oching]]
[[Fayl:Oenothera_rubricaulis_2014_G1.jpg|thumb| Ertalab yopiq gullar]]

== Foydalanish ==
Asrlar davomida Shimoliy Amerikadagi [[Aborigenlar|mahalliy aholi]] oʻsimlikdan oziq-ovqat va anʼanaviy tibbiyot sifatida ishlatilgan<ref>{{Veb manbasi|sarlavha=Evening primrose oil|url=https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/evening-primrose-oil|nashriyot=National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, US National Institutes of Health|qaralgan sana=3-avgust 2022-yil|sana=1-avgust 2020-yil}}</ref><ref>{{jurnal manbasi|last=Immel|first1=D.L.|title=Common evening primrose|url=https://plants.usda.gov/DocumentLibrary/plantguide/pdf/pg_oebi.pdf|journal=United States Department of Agriculture, National Plant Data Center|date=21-iyun 2001-yil}}</ref>. Kechki primrose Yevropaga [[XVII asr|XVII asrning]] boshlarida botanika bogʻlarida [[Manzarali oʻsimliklar|manzarali oʻsimlik]] sifatida kiritilgan<ref>{{Veb manbasi|sarlavha=Evening primrose oil|url=https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/evening-primrose-oil|nashriyot=National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, US National Institutes of Health|qaralgan sana=3-avgust 2022-yil|sana=1-avgust 2020-yil}}</ref><ref>{{jurnal manbasi|last=Immel|first1=D.L.|title=Common evening primrose|url=https://plants.usda.gov/DocumentLibrary/plantguide/pdf/pg_oebi.pdf|journal=United States Department of Agriculture, National Plant Data Center|date=21-iyun 2001-yil}}</ref>.

=== Oziq-ovqatlardan foydalanish ===
Oʻsimlik qismlarining aksariyatini yeyish mumkin, taʼmi yumshoq<ref>{{jurnal manbasi|last=Immel|first1=D.L.|title=Common evening primrose|url=https://plants.usda.gov/DocumentLibrary/plantguide/pdf/pg_oebi.pdf|journal=United States Department of Agriculture, National Plant Data Center|date=21-iyun 2001-yil}}</ref>. Ildizlarni xom yoki [[kartoshka]] kabi pishirilgan holda isteʼmol qilish mumkin.Barglarini salatlarda xom holda isteʼmol qilish yoki ismaloq shoʻrva kabi pishirish mumkin. Anishinaabe qabilalari anʼanaviy ravishda parhezga yordam berish va charchoqni kamaytirish uchun kechki primrose barglaridan choy tayyorlaydilar.
[[Fayl:Oenothera-biennis-root.jpg|thumb|Oenothera biennis ildizi]]
Iyun oyida hali yosh boʻlgani, gullash poyalari koʻproq isteʼmol qilinadi. Ularni tozalash kerak, keyin xom yoki qovurilgan holda isteʼmol qilish mumkin. Gul iyundan oktyabrgacha yigʻib olinishi mumkin<ref>{{jurnal manbasi|last=Immel|first1=D.L.|title=Common evening primrose|url=https://plants.usda.gov/DocumentLibrary/plantguide/pdf/pg_oebi.pdf|journal=United States Department of Agriculture, National Plant Data Center|date=21-iyun 2001-yil}}</ref>.
[[Fayl:Oenothera biennis kz13.jpg|thumb|Oenothera biennis]]
Urugʻlarda oqsil miqdori taxminan 15 %, yogʻ miqdori 24 % va sellyuloza taxminan 43 % ni tashkil qiladi<ref name="ref6">{{jurnal manbasi|last=Hudson|first1=B.|title=Evening primrose (Oenothera spp.) oil and seed|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_jaocs-journal-of-the-american-oil-chemists-society_1984-03_61_3/page/540|journal=Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society|date=1984|volume=61|issue=3|pages=540–543|doi=10.1007/bf02677026}}</ref>. Proteinlar, ayniqsa, oltingugurt oʻz ichiga olgan [[aminokislotalar]], [[metionin]] va sistein va triptofanga boy<ref name="ref6" /><ref name="ref7">{{jurnal manbasi|last=Brosnan|first1=J.T.|last2=Brosnan|first2=M.E.|title=The sulfur-containing amino acids: an overview|journal=The Journal of Nutrition|date=2006|volume=136|issue=6|pages=1636S–1640S|doi=10.1093/jn/136.6.1636s|pmid=16702333}}</ref>. Tarkibida gamma-linolenik kislota (GLA) va [[Linol kislota|linoleik kislota]] mavjud<ref name="ref1">{{jurnal manbasi |last=Immel |first1=D.L. |date=21-iyun 2001-yil |title=Common evening primrose |url=https://plants.usda.gov/DocumentLibrary/plantguide/pdf/pg_oebi.pdf |journal=United States Department of Agriculture, National Plant Data Center}}</ref><ref name="ref8">{{jurnal manbasi|last=Ghasemnezhad|first1=A.|last2=Honermeier|first2=B.|title=Yield, oil constituents, and protein content of evening primrose (Oenothera biennis L.) seeds depending on harvest time, harvest method and nitrogen application|journal=Industrial Crops and Products|date=2008|volume=28|issue=1|pages=17–23|doi=10.1016/j.indcrop.2007.12.006}}</ref><ref name="ref9">{{jurnal manbasi|last=Ghasemnezhad|first1=A.|last2=Honermeier|first2=B.|title=Seed yield, oil content and fatty acid composition of ''Oenothera biennis'' L. affected by harvest date and harvest method|journal=Industrial Crops and Products|date=2007|volume=25|issue=3|pages=274–281|doi=10.1016/j.indcrop.2006.12.005}}</ref>.

=== Tadqiqot ===
Kechki primrose yogʻini har qanday tibbiy holatda qoʻllash uchun yetarli klinik dalillar yoʻq<ref name="nccih">{{Veb manbasi|sarlavha=Evening primrose oil|url=https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/evening-primrose-oil|nashriyot=National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, US National Institutes of Health|qaralgan sana=3-avgust 2022-yil|sana=1-avgust 2020-yil}}</ref>. Cochrane tekshiruvi primrose yogʻining [[Dermatitlar|ekzemaga]] taʼsiri yoʻq degan xulosaga keldi<ref name="Cochrane - Evenin primrose oil on ecezma">{{jurnal manbasi|last=Bamford|first1=Joel|title=Oral evening primrose oil and borage oil for eczema|journal=Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|date=30-aprel 2013-yil|volume=2013|issue=4|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD004416.pub2|ref=Cochrane|pmid=23633319|pages=CD004416|pmc=8105655}}</ref>. Mayo klinikasi uning ekzema, diabetik neyropatiya yoki premenstrüel sindromga taʼsir haqida ishonarli dalillar yoʻqligini aytdi<ref name="mayo">{{Veb manbasi|url=http://www.mayoclinic.org/drugs-supplements/evening-primrose/evidence/hrb-20059889|sarlavha=Evening primrose (Oenothera spp.)|nashriyot=Mayo Clinic|sana=13-noyabr 2020-yil|qaralgan sana=3-avgust 2022-yil}}</ref>.

Amerika Saraton Jamiyatining taʼkidlashicha, uning saratonga qarshi vosita sifatida samaradorligi toʻgʻrisida juda kam dalillar mavjud<ref name="acs">{{Veb manbasi|sana=13-may 2010-yil|sarlavha=Gamma linolenic acid|url=http://www.cancer.org/treatment/treatmentsandsideeffects/complementaryandalternativemedicine/pharmacologicalandbiologicaltreatment/gamma-linolenic-acid|kirish sanasi=1-avgust 2013-yil|nashriyot=[[American Cancer Society]]|arxivsana=6-avgust 2013-yil|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130806190429/http://www.cancer.org/treatment/treatmentsandsideeffects/complementaryandalternativemedicine/pharmacologicalandbiologicaltreatment/gamma-linolenic-acid}}</ref>.

==== Salbiy taʼsirlar ====
Kechki primrose yogʻi kam dozalarda xavfsiz deb hisoblanadi<ref>{{Veb manbasi|sarlavha=Evening primrose oil|url=https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/evening-primrose-oil|nashriyot=National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, US National Institutes of Health|qaralgan sana=3-avgust 2022-yil|sana=1-avgust 2020-yil}}</ref><ref>{{Veb manbasi|url=http://www.mayoclinic.org/drugs-supplements/evening-primrose/evidence/hrb-20059889|sarlavha=Evening primrose (Oenothera spp.)|nashriyot=Mayo Clinic|sana=13-noyabr 2020-yil|qaralgan sana=3-avgust 2022-yil}}</ref>. Mayo Klinikasi maniya bilan ogʻrigan odamlarda, homilador yoki emizikli ayollarga dorini isteʼmol qilishda ehtiyot boʻlishni tavsiya qiladi. Kechki primrose yogʻini ogʻiz orqali isteʼmol qilish bosh ogʻrigʻiga yoki koʻngil aynishiga olib kelishi mumkin.

==== Anʼanaviy tibbiyot ====
Butun oʻsimlik va ayniqsa barglari anʼanaviy ravishda Anishinaabe qabilalari tomonidan energiya stimulyatori va vazn yoʻqotishni osonlashtirish uchun choy holatida isteʼmol qilinadi<ref>{{Veb manbasi |sarlavha=Evening primrose oil |url=https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/evening-primrose-oil |nashriyot=National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, US National Institutes of Health |qaralgan sana=3-avgust 2022-yil |sana=1-avgust 2020-yil}}</ref>. Bundan tashqari, kuchni oshirish uchun ularni chaynash va mushaklarga surtish mumkin<ref name="ref1">{{jurnal manbasi|last=Immel|first1=D.L.|title=Common evening primrose|url=https://plants.usda.gov/DocumentLibrary/plantguide/pdf/pg_oebi.pdf|journal=United States Department of Agriculture, National Plant Data Center|date=21-iyun 2001-yil}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFImmel2001">Immel, D.L. (21 June 2001). </cite></ref>.

== Qishloq xoʻjaligi amaliyoti ==
Kechki primrose yetishtirish boʻyicha qishloq xoʻjaligi amaliyotlari haqidagi bilimlar nisbatan yangi.

Kechki primrose quyoshli va qurgʻoqchil tuproqli joylarni afzal koʻradi va dengiz sathidan {{Convert|700|m|ft|-1}} yuqorida oʻsadi<ref name="ref1">{{jurnal manbasi|last=Immel|first1=D.L.|title=Common evening primrose|url=https://plants.usda.gov/DocumentLibrary/plantguide/pdf/pg_oebi.pdf|journal=United States Department of Agriculture, National Plant Data Center|date=21-iyun 2001-yil}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFImmel2001">Immel, D.L. (21 June 2001). </cite></ref>. Muhim shartlardan biri azotga boʻlgan ehtiyojni qondirishdir. Azot miqdorining haddan tashqari koʻpligi urugʻlardagi yogʻ tarkibining sifat va miqdoriy pasayishiga olib kelishi mumkin, oʻrtacha azot miqdori urugʻning sifati va miqdori oshishiga olib keladi<ref>{{jurnal manbasi|last=Ghasemnezhad|first1=A.|last2=Honermeier|first2=B.|title=Yield, oil constituents, and protein content of evening primrose (Oenothera biennis L.) seeds depending on harvest time, harvest method and nitrogen application|journal=Industrial Crops and Products|date=2008|volume=28|issue=1|pages=17–23|doi=10.1016/j.indcrop.2007.12.006}}</ref>. Kechki primrose yorugʻlikka bogʻliq boʻlgani sababli, urugʻlar tuproqqa taxminan {{Convert|0.5|–|1.0|cm|1}} chuqurlikda ekilishi kerak. Urugʻlari mayda, taxminan {{Convert|0.3|-|0.7|g}} . Ularning unib chiqishi uchun taxminan ikki-uch hafta kerak boʻladi va shuning uchun begona oʻtlarning oʻsishiga juda sezgir.

Kechki primrose urugʻlari aprel oyining birinchi yarmida (bahor urugʻlari) yoki iyul oʻrtalaridan avgust oyining oʻrtalariga (kuzgi urugʻlar) ekiladi<ref name="ref1">{{jurnal manbasi|last=Immel|first1=D.L.|title=Common evening primrose|url=https://plants.usda.gov/DocumentLibrary/plantguide/pdf/pg_oebi.pdf|journal=United States Department of Agriculture, National Plant Data Center|date=21-iyun 2001-yil}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFImmel2001">Immel, D.L. (21 June 2001). </cite></ref><ref>{{jurnal manbasi|last=Ghasemnezhad|first1=A.|last2=Honermeier|first2=B.|title=Yield, oil constituents, and protein content of evening primrose (Oenothera biennis L.) seeds depending on harvest time, harvest method and nitrogen application|journal=Industrial Crops and Products|date=2008|volume=28|issue=1|pages=17–23|doi=10.1016/j.indcrop.2007.12.006}}</ref>. Oʻrim-yigʻim vaqti gullashdan keyin taxminan 75 kundan 80 kungacha (bahorgi urugʻlar) yoki 100 kun (kuzgi urugʻlar) davom etadi<ref name="ref8" /><ref>{{jurnal manbasi|last=Ghasemnezhad|first1=A.|last2=Honermeier|first2=B.|title=Seed yield, oil content and fatty acid composition of ''Oenothera biennis'' L. affected by harvest date and harvest method|journal=Industrial Crops and Products|date=2007|volume=25|issue=3|pages=274–281|doi=10.1016/j.indcrop.2006.12.005}}</ref>. Kechki primrosening populyatsiyasining rivojlanishi va urugʻining pishishi juda xilma-xil<ref name="ref1" />.

Vegetatsiya davrida koʻp suv kerak emas<ref name="ref1">{{jurnal manbasi|last=Immel|first1=D.L.|title=Common evening primrose|url=https://plants.usda.gov/DocumentLibrary/plantguide/pdf/pg_oebi.pdf|journal=United States Department of Agriculture, National Plant Data Center|date=21-iyun 2001-yil}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFImmel2001">Immel, D.L. (21 June 2001). </cite></ref>. Tadqiqot shuni koʻrsatdiki, shoʻr suv bilan sugʻorish kechki primrose urugʻlarida moy hosildorligi va sifatini oshirishi mumkin. Bu, ayniqsa, suv resurslari cheklangan hududlarda oʻsimlikni oʻstirish uchun ajoyib imkoniyat<ref name="ref1" />.

Va nihoyat, kechki primrose yetishtirishda dalani toʻgʻri boshqarishni talab qiladi, aks holda oʻsimlik invaziv boʻlib qolishi mumkin<ref name="ref1">{{jurnal manbasi|last=Immel|first1=D.L.|title=Common evening primrose|url=https://plants.usda.gov/DocumentLibrary/plantguide/pdf/pg_oebi.pdf|journal=United States Department of Agriculture, National Plant Data Center|date=21-iyun 2001-yil}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFImmel2001">Immel, D.L. (21 June 2001). </cite></ref><ref name="ref1" />.<gallery>
Fayl:Oenothera biennis Rosette.JPG|Rozeta
Fayl:Oenothera biennis - Nachtkerze mit Samenständen und Blüten.jpg|Gullar va mevali koʻsaklar
Fayl:Primrose Moth.jpg|Primrose kuya (''[[Schinia florida]]'') gulda
Fayl:Oenothera biennis ENBLA02.jpeg|Yashash joyi, quruq va quyoshli
</gallery>

== Manbalar ==
{{manbalar}}

[[Turkum:Ikki pallali oʻsimliklar]]
[[Turkum:Shimoliy Amerika florasi]]