Qoʻl soati sahifasining manbasini koʻrish

[[File:Casio OCEANUS OCW-S1350PC-1AJR 01.JPG|thumb|Quyoshdan quvvat oluvchi va [[Bluetooth]] imkoniyatlariga ega zamonaviy qoʻl soati]]

'''Soat''' – bu odam tomonidan olib yurish yoki taqish uchun moʻljallangan vaqt oʻlchagichdir. U insonning harakatlari tufayli yuzaga keladigan tebranishlarga qaramasdan, barqaror harakatni saqlab turish uchun ishlab chiqilgan. Qoʻl soati bilak atrofida taqish uchun moʻljallangan boʻlib, soat tasmasi yoki boshqa turdagi bilakuzuk, shu jumladan, [[metall]] tasma, [[charm]] tasma yoki boshqa har qanday tasma orqali taqiladi. [[Choʻntak soat]]i esa odam choʻntagida olib yurishi uchun moʻljallangan boʻlib, koʻpincha [[zanjir]] bilan bogʻlanadi.

Soatlar 16-asrda paydo boʻlgan. Koʻp vaqt davomida soat mexanik qurilma boʻlib, mexanik harakat orqali ishlagan, asosiy prujinani aylantirib quvvat olgan va tebranma muvozanat gʻildiragi bilan vaqtni saqlagan. Bunday soatlar [[mexanik soatlar]] deb ataladi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.christopherward.com/blog/quartz-vs-automatic/|title=CWorld {{!}} Christopher Ward {{!}} QUARTZ VS AUTOMATIC|website=www.christopherward.com|access-date=2018-11-27|archive-date=27 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181127110354/https://www.christopherward.com/blog/quartz-vs-automatic/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://est1897.co.uk/what-is-a-watch-movement-quartz-automatic-manual-kinetic|title=What is a Watch Movement? Quartz vs Automatic vs Manual vs Kinetic {{!}} Est.1897|website=est1897.co.uk|access-date=2018-11-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181127151916/https://est1897.co.uk/what-is-a-watch-movement-quartz-automatic-manual-kinetic|archive-date=27 November 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>. 1960-yillarda elektron kvarts soati ixtiro qilindi, u [[batareya]] bilan ishlagan va tebranayotgan kvarts kristali bilan vaqtni saqlagan. 1980-yillarga kelib, kvarts soatlari mexanik soatlardan bozorning koʻp qismini tortib olgan. Tarixda bu kvarts inqilobi ([[Shveysariya]]da kvarts krizi deb ham ataladi) deb nomlanadi<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=https://www.hodinkee.com/articles/four-revolutions-quartz-revolution|title=Four Revolutions: Part 1: A Concise History Of The Quartz Revolution - HODINKEE|work=HODINKEE|access-date=2018-11-27|language=en|archive-date=30 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190530193005/https://www.hodinkee.com/articles/four-revolutions-quartz-revolution|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-11-16/a-concise-history-of-the-quartz-watch-revolution|title=A Concise History of the Quartz Watch Revolution|newspaper=Bloomberg.com|date=16 November 2017|access-date=2018-11-27|archive-date=27 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181127113414/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-11-16/a-concise-history-of-the-quartz-watch-revolution|url-status=live}}</ref>. 2010-yillardagi rivojlanishlar orasida ''aqlli soatlar'' mavjud boʻlib, ular bilakka taqish uchun moʻljallangan murakkab kompyuterga oʻxshash elektron qurilmalar.
Ular odatda vaqtni belgilash funksiyalarini oʻz ichiga oladi, ammo bu funksiyalar aqlli soatlar imkoniyatlarining kichik bir qismini tashkil etadi.

[[File:Casio-TC500-Calculator-Watch.jpg|thumb|1983-yilda chiqarilgan sensor ekranli [[Casio]]soati]]

Umuman olganda, zamonaviy soatlar koʻpincha kun, sana, oy va yilni koʻrsatadi. Mexanik soatlar uchun, oy fazalarini koʻrsatish va turli xildagi [[turbiyon]]lar kabi qoʻshimcha xususiyatlar, baʼzan qoʻshiladi. Boshqa tomondan, aksariyat elektron kvarts soatlari vaqt bilan bogʻliq xususiyatlarni, masalan, taymerlar, xronograflar va budilnik funksiyalarini oʻz ichiga oladi. Bundan tashqari, baʼzi zamonaviy soatlar (aqlli soatlar singari) hatto [[kalkulyator]]lar, [[GPS]]<ref name="Epson">{{cite web|url=https://www.theverge.com/2012/2/21/2814819/epson-world-lightest-gps-watch-japan|title=Epson announces world's lightest GPS watch|website=The Verge|date=21 February 2012|access-date=14 April 2012|archive-date=26 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426091156/http://www.theverge.com/2012/2/21/2814819/epson-world-lightest-gps-watch-japan|url-status=live}}</ref> va [[Bluetooth]] texnologiyalarini oʻz ichiga oladi yoki yurak urish tezligini kuzatish imkoniyatlariga ega va ularning baʼzilari vaqtni muntazam ravishda toʻgʻirlash uchun [[radio soat texnologiyasi]]dan foydalanadi.

Asosan vaqtni koʻrsatish uchun ishlatiladigan koʻpchilik soatlar kvarts mexanizmiga ega. Biroq, qimmatbaho [[kolleksion]] soatlar, oddiy vaqt koʻrsatishidan koʻra koʻproq oʻzlarining murakkab ishlanishi, estetik jozibasi va goʻzal dizayni tufayli qadrlanadigan soatlar, elektron tengdoshlariga qaraganda qimmatroq boʻlishiga qaramay, koʻpincha anʼanaviy mexanik mexanizmlarga ega boʻladi<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-01-04/how-mechanical-watches-survived-after-quartz-a-concise-history|title=Mechanical Watches Almost Disappeared Forever. Here's How They Didn't|newspaper=Bloomberg.com|date=4 January 2018|access-date=2018-11-27|archive-date=18 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181118004903/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-01-04/how-mechanical-watches-survived-after-quartz-a-concise-history|url-status=live}}</ref>. 2018-yilga kelib, [[auksion]]larda sotilgan eng qimmat soat [[Patek Philippe Henry Graves Supercomplication]] edi. Bu soat 1989-yilgacha dunyodagi eng murakkab mexanik soat boʻlib, 2014-yil 11-noyabrda [[Jeneva]]da 24 million AQSh dollariga (23,237,000 Shveysariya franki) sotilgan<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.sothebys.com/en/auctions/ecatalogue/2014/important-watches-ge1404/lot.345.html|title=Patek Philippe (THE HENRY GRAVES JR. SUPERCOMPLICATION)|website=Sotheby's|access-date=27 November 2018|archive-date=24 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924135505/http://www.sothebys.com/en/auctions/ecatalogue/2014/important-watches-ge1404/lot.345.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/arieladams/2014/11/12/24000000-patek-philippe-supercomplication-pocket-watch-beats-its-own-record-at-auction/#11b44faf20dc|title=$24,000,000 Patek Philippe Supercomplication Pocket Watch Beats Its Own Record at Auction|last=Adams|first=Ariel|work=Forbes|access-date=2018-11-23|language=en|archive-date=23 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181123113531/https://www.forbes.com/sites/arieladams/2014/11/12/24000000-patek-philippe-supercomplication-pocket-watch-beats-its-own-record-at-auction/#11b44faf20dc|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine|url=http://time.com/3578825/expensive-watch-soethbys-patek-philippe/|title=Swiss Pocket Watch Sells for Record $24 Million|magazine=Time|language=en|access-date=2018-11-23|arxiv-sana=2018-12-05|arxiv-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181205004231/http://time.com/3578825/expensive-watch-soethbys-patek-philippe/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/style/article/24-million-gold-watch-sothebys-record-patek-philippe/index.html|title=Patek Philippe gold watch sells for record $24.4M - CNN|date=2014-11-12|work=CNN Style|access-date=2018-11-23|language=en|archive-date=23 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181123154118/https://www.cnn.com/style/article/24-million-gold-watch-sothebys-record-patek-philippe/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-europe-30015601/world-s-most-expensive-watch-sold-at-auction|title=World's most expensive watch sold|work=BBC News|language=en|access-date=2018-11-24|archive-date=23 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181123120657/https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-europe-30015601/world-s-most-expensive-watch-sold-at-auction|url-status=live}}</ref>. 2019-yil dekabr oyiga kelib, auksionlarda sotilgan eng qimmat soat (va qoʻl soati) [[Patek Philippe Grandmaster Chime Ref]]. 6300A-010 2019-yil 9-noyabrda Jenevada 31.19 million AQSh dollariga (31,000,000 Shveysariya franki) sotildi<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.barrons.com/articles/patek-philippes-31-million-grandmaster-chime-becomes-most-expensive-watch-ever-sold-01573504221|title=Patek Philippe's $31 Million Grandmaster Chime Becomes Most Expensive Watch Ever Sold|date=2019-11-11|first=Laurie|last=Kahle|publisher=Barrons|access-date=2020-07-17|archive-date=17 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200717113751/https://www.barrons.com/articles/patek-philippes-31-million-grandmaster-chime-becomes-most-expensive-watch-ever-sold-01573504221|url-status=live}}</ref>.

== Tarixi ==
=== Kelib chiqishi ===
Soatlar Yevropada 15-asrda paydo boʻlgan koʻchma prujinali soatlardan rivojlangan. 16-asrda Germaniyaning [[Nyurnberg]] va [[Augsburg]] shaharlarida yaratilgan ilk taqiladigan soatlar, oʻlchamlari jihatidan devoriy soatlar va choʻntak soatlari orasida [[o‘tish davri]]ni ifodalardi<ref>{{cite book|last=Milham|first=Willis I.|title=Time and Timekeepers|year=1945|publisher=MacMillan|location=New York|pages=133–137|isbn=0-7808-0008-7}}</ref>. Nyurnberglik soatsoz [[Peter Henlein]] (yoki Henle yoxud Hele) (1485-1542) koʻpincha soatning ixtirochisi sifatida tan olinadi<ref name="Carlisle">{{citation
  | last = Carlisle
  | first = Rodney P.
  | title = Scientific American Inventions and Discoveries
  | publisher = John Wiley & Sons
  | year = 2004
  | location = USA
  | pages = [https://archive.org/details/scientificameric0000carl/page/143 143]
  | url = https://archive.org/details/scientificameric0000carl
  | url-access = registration
  | quote = watch clock henlein.
  | isbn = 0471244104}}</ref><ref name="Usher">{{Cite book
| last=Usher
| first=Abbot Payson
| title=A History of Mechanical Inventions
| year=1988
| publisher=Courier Dover
| pages=305
| isbn=0-486-25593-X
| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xuDDqqa8FlwC&pg=PA305
| access-date=19 December 2022
| archive-date=3 July 2023
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230703112708/https://books.google.com/books?id=xuDDqqa8FlwC&pg=PA305
| url-status=live
}}</ref>. Biroq, shu davrda boshqa nemis soatsozlari ham kichik oʻlchamli soatlar yasashgan boʻlib, Henleinning birinchi ixtirochi ekanligi haqida aniq dalillar mavjud emas<ref name="Usher" /><ref name="Rossum">{{cite book|last=Dohrn-van Rossum|first=Gerhard|title=History of the Hour: Clocks and Modern Temporal Orders|publisher=Univ. of Chicago Press|year=1997|pages=121|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=53K32RiEigMC&pg=PA121|isbn=0-226-15510-2|access-date=23 January 2023|archive-date=3 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230703113720/https://books.google.com/books?id=53K32RiEigMC&pg=PA121|url-status=live}}</ref>.

17-asrgacha soatlar choʻntaklarda taqilmagan. Bir rivoyatga koʻra, „soat“ soʻzi [[qadimgi ingliz tili]]da ''woecce'' soʻzidan kelib chiqqan boʻlib, u „qorovul“ degan maʼnoni anglatadi. Chunki shahar [[qorovul]]lari oʻz navbatchilik vaqtlarini kuzatish uchun bu texnologiyadan foydalanganlar<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title= Watch|encyclopedia= The New Encyclopædia Britannica, 15th Edition|volume= 4|pages= 746–747|publisher= Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.|year= 1983|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=7iZqYfRWH_0C&q=watchmen+watch+clock+henlein|isbn= 0-85229-400-X|access-date= 3 June 2012}}</ref>. Boshqa bir rivoyatda esa, bu atama 17-asr dengizchilaridan kelib chiqqan deyiladi. Ular yangi mexanizmlardan kemadagi navbatchilik vaqtlarini (smenalarini) oʻlchash uchun foydalanganlar<ref name="Haven">{{cite book|last= Haven|first= Kendall F.|title= 100 Greatest Science Inventions of All Time|publisher= Libraries Unlimited|year= 2006|pages= 65|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=0gBwjLTUzEMC&q=sailor+watch+clock+henlein&pg=PA65|isbn= 1-59158-264-4|access-date= 29 October 2020|archive-date= 3 July 2023|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230703114257/https://books.google.com/books?id=0gBwjLTUzEMC&q=sailor+watch+clock+henlein&pg=PA65|url-status= live}}</ref>.

=== Rivojlanishi ===
1657-yilda muvozanat gʻildiragiga [[muvozanat prujinasi]]ning qoʻshilishi bilan aniqlik oshdi, bu kashfiyot oʻsha davrda ham, hozirgi kunda ham [[Robert Hooke]] va [[Christiaan Huygens]] oʻrtasida bahsli boʻlib kelmoqda. Ushbu yangilik soatlarning aniqligini keskin oshirib, kuniga bir necha soatga yaqin boʻlgan xatolikni<ref>Milham 1945, p.226</ref> kuniga taxminan 10 daqiqagacha kamaytirishga imkon berdi<ref name="NIST">{{cite web|year= 2004|title= A Revolution in Timekeeping|work= A Walk Through Time|publisher= [[National Institute of Standards and Technology]]|url= https://www.nist.gov/pml/time-and-frequency-division/popular-links/walk-through-time/walk-through-time-revolution|access-date= 13 October 2022|archive-date= 13 October 2022|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20221013184811/https://www.nist.gov/pml/time-and-frequency-division/popular-links/walk-through-time/walk-through-time-revolution|url-status= live}}</ref>, natijada 1680-yillar atrofida Buyuk Britaniyada va 1700-yillar atrofida Fransiyada soat yuziga daqiqa milining qoʻshilishiga sabab boʻldi<ref>{{Cite book|url= http://atena.beic.it/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=13458392&search_terms=DTL59|title= Acta Eruditorum|year= 1737|location= Leipzig|pages= 123|access-date= 5 June 2018|archive-date= 3 July 2023|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230703114222/http://atena.beic.it/view/action/nmets.do?DOCCHOICE=13458392.xml&dvs=1688384463351~191&locale=en_US&search_terms=DTL59&show_metadata=true&adjacency=&VIEWER_URL=/view/action/nmets.do?&DELIVERY_RULE_ID=7&divType=|url-status= live}}</ref>.

Muvozanat gʻildiragining aniqligi oshishi soat mexanizmining boshqa qismlaridan kelib chiqqan xatoliklarga eʼtiborni qaratdi va soat yasashda ikki asrlik innovatsiyalar toʻlqinini boshladi. Birinchi boʻlib takomillashtirilgan narsa bu ankraj mexanizmi boʻldi. Qimmatbaho soatlarda verge ankraj mexanizmi 1695-yilda [[Thomas Tompion]] tomonidan ixtiro qilingan va 1720-yillarda [[George Graham]] tomonidan yanada rivojlantirilgan silindrli ankraj mexanizmi bilan almashtirildi. Ishlab chiqarishdagi takomillashtirishlar – masalan, [[Robert Hooke]] tomonidan ishlab chiqilgan tish kesish mashinasi – soat ishlab chiqarish hajmini biroz oshirishga imkon berdi, garchi tayyorlash va yigʻish 19-asrning oxirigacha qoʻlda amalga oshirilgan boʻlsa ham.
[[File:Blancpain_logo.svg|right|thumb|[[Blancpain]] 1735-yilda tashkil etilgan boʻlib, dunyodagi eng qadimgi roʻyxatdan oʻtgan soat brendidir.]]
Muvozanat gʻildiragi asosidagi soatlardagi xatoliklarning asosiy sababi, harorat oʻzgarishi tufayli muvozanat prujinasining [[elastiklik|elastikligi]] oʻzgarishi edi. Bu muammoni 1765-yilda [[Pierre Le Roy]] tomonidan ixtiro qilingan va [[Thomas Earnshaw]] (1749–1829) tomonidan takomillashtirilgan ikki metall bilan haroratni qoplovchi muvozanat gʻildiragi hal qildi. Eng muhim texnologik kashfiyot boʻlgan lever ankraj mexanizmi 1754-yilda [[Thomas Mudge]] tomonidan ixtiro qilingan<ref name="The Tourbillon Chronicles">{{cite web |last1=Forster |first1=Jack |title=The Tourbillon Chronicles: Birth Of The Tourbillon |url=https://www.the1916company.com/blog/tourbillon-origins.html |website=www.the1916company.com |access-date=2 October 2023}}</ref> va 1785-yilda Josiya Emeri tomonidan takomillashtirilgan boʻlsa-da<ref name="Timeline of Clocks and Watches">{{cite web |title=Timeline of Clocks and Watches |url=http://www.historyofwatch.com/clock-history/clock-timeline/ |website=History of Watch |access-date=2 October 2023}}</ref>, bu yangilik asta-sekin taxminan 1800-yillardan boshlab asosan Buyuk Britaniyada qoʻllanila boshlandi<ref name="Neha S. Bajpai">{{cite web |last1=Bajpai |first1=Neha S. |title=An introduction to British watchmaking |url=https://wristcheck.com/discover/watch-101/an-introduction-to-british-watchmaking |website=WristCheck |access-date=2 October 2023}}</ref>.
[[File:Acta Eruditorum - II orologi, 1737 – BEIC 13458392.jpg|thumb|
[[Acta Eruditorum]], 1737-yilda chizilgan soat.]]
17- va 18-asrlarning katta qismida Buyuk Britaniya soat ishlab chiqarishda yetakchi edi, ammo ular yuqori sifatli mahsulotlar tayyorlashga moʻljallangan ishlab chiqarish tizimini saqlab qolishdi<ref>{{cite book|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=cVUSauNST8EC&q=British+Watch+Company+mass+production|title= Manufacturing Time: Global Competition in the Watch Industry, 1795–2000|author= Glasmeier, Amy|year= 2000|publisher= Guilford Press|isbn= 9781572305892|access-date= 7 February 2013|archive-date= 3 July 2023|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230703113711/https://books.google.com/books?id=cVUSauNST8EC&q=British+Watch+Company+mass+production|url-status= live}}</ref>. Britaniya Soat Kompaniyasi 1843-yilda soat ishlab chiqarishni [[ommaviy ishlab chiqarish texnikalari]] va koʻpaytiruvchi asboblar hamda mashinalarni qoʻllash orqali modernizatsiya qildi. [[Qoʻshma Shtatlar]]da, [[Aaron Lufkin Dennison]] 1851-yilda [[Massachusetts]]da bir-biriga mos keladigan qismlardan foydalanadigan zavod ochdi va 1861-yilga kelib [[Waltham Soat Kompaniyasi]] (Waltham Watch Company) nomi bilan muvaffaqiyatli korxona faoliyat yuritdi<ref name="Roe1916">{{citation | last = Roe | first = Joseph Wickham | title = English and American Tool Builders | publisher = Yale University Press | year = 1916 | location = New Haven, Connecticut | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=X-EJAAAAIAAJ | lccn = 16011753 | access-date = 12 November 2015 | archive-date = 3 July 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230703113712/https://books.google.com/books?id=X-EJAAAAIAAJ | url-status = live }}. Reprinted by McGraw-Hill, New York and London, 1926 ({{LCCN|27024075}}); and by Lindsay Publications, Inc., Bradley, Illinois, ({{ISBN|978-0-917914-73-7}}).</ref>.


== Manbalar ==
{{reflist}}

[[Turkum:Soatlar]]
[[Turkum:Mexanik soatlar]]
[[Turkum:Vaqt oʻlchagichlar]]