Robert W. Clower sahifasining manbasini koʻrish

{{Olim bilgiqutisi
| ismi                  = Robert Wayne Clower
| tasvir                =
| tasvir_eni            =
| izoh                  =
| tavallud_sanasi      = <!-- {{tugʻilgan sanasi|1926|2|13}} -->
| tavallud_joyi        = [[Pullman]], [[Vashington]], AQSH<ref>{{Cite web |title=Robert Clower |url=https://www.hetwebsite.net/het/profiles/clower.htm |website=www.hetwebsite.net}}</ref>
| vafot_sanasi          = <!-- {{vafot sanasi|2011|5|2| 1926|2|13}} -->
| vafot_joyi            = [[Kolumbiya]], [[Janubiy Karolina]], AQSH<ref>{{Cite web |title=Robert Clower Obituary (2011) - Legacy Remembers |url=https://www.legacy.com/us/obituaries/legacyremembers/robert-clower-obituary?id=13996729 |access-date=2025-10-13 |website=Legacy.com}}</ref>
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| institutlar           = Vashington davlat universiteti<br />Shimoli-gʻarbiy universiteti<br />[[Kaliforniya universiteti]], [[Los-Anjeles]] (UCLA)<br />[[Janubiy Karolina universiteti]]
| alma_mater            = Vashington davlat universiteti<br />[[Oksford universiteti]]
| tezis_sarlavhasi      =
| akademik_rahbarlari   = [[John Hicks]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Velupillai |first=K Vela |date=2011 |title=Robert Clower: Portrait of an Affectionate Curmudgeon |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23018238 |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=46 |issue=24 |pages=22–27 |jstor=23018238 |issn=0012-9976}}</ref>
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'''Robert Wayne Clower''' (1926-yil 13-fevral — 2011-yil 2-may) amerikalik iqtisodchi olim boʻlgan. Robert Wayne Clower [[iqtisodiyot]]da zaxiralar oqimi tahlili yoʻnalishining shakllanishiga katta hissa qoʻshgan, hatto uni mustaqil ilmiy yoʻnalish sifatida rivojlantirgan olim sifatida eʼtirof etiladi. Shuningdek, u [[pul]] nazariyasining mikroasoslarini ishlab chiqish va [[makroiqtisodiyot]]ning nazariy asoslarini chuqurlashtirish borasida muhim, fundamental ilmiy ishlari bilan tanilgan.

== Asosiy hissalari ==
Robert Wayne Clower iqtisodiyotda zaxiralar oqimi tahlili sohasini yaratgan olim sifatida eʼtirof etiladi<ref>• Donald A.Walker, 1984. ''Money and Markets'', Preface, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=7CQ4AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA18 x.]<br />&nbsp;&nbsp; • Robert W. Clower, 1954a. "An Investigation into the Dynamics of Investment, " ''American Economic Review''. 44(l), pp. [https://www.jstor.org/pss/1803060 64]-81.<br />&nbsp;&nbsp; • _____, 1954b. „Price Determination in a Stock-Flow Economy“ with D. W. Bushaw, ''Econometrica '' 22(3), pp. [https://www.jstor.org/pss/1907357 328]-343.<br />&nbsp;&nbsp; • _____, 1957. ''Introduction to Mathematical Economics'', Ch. 3-6. „Section“ & arrow-searchable page [http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b3513586 links.]<br />&nbsp;&nbsp; • _____, 1968. "Stock-flow analysis, " ''[[International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences]]'', v. 12.</ref>.
Clower muhim ilmiy ishlarida kuchli ilmiy yondashuvlarni asoslab berdi, kelajakdagi tadqiqotlar uchun yoʻl ochdi va mavjud nazariyalarni qayta tartibga soldi.
* Keyns nazariyasi standart umumiy muvozanat nazariyasidan farqli ravishda, iqtisodiyotni muvozanatsizlik tahlili prizmasidan tadqiq etadi. Shu tariqa, ushbu yondashuv Walras qonuni va anʼanaviy narxlar nazariyasini umumlashtiradi yoki ularni butunlay rad etadi. Shuning uchun u „ikki tomonlama qaror qabul qilish gipotezasi“ni ilgari surdi. Unga koʻra, toʻliq bandlik boʻlmagan muvozanat holatlarida amalga oshirilgan oldi-sotdi hajmi ishlab chiqarishning moslashishiga taʼsir koʻrsatadi, ammo toʻliq bandlik holatida bunday taʼsir kuzatilmaydi. Uning taʼkidlashicha, u Keynes nazariyasida toʻliq bandlik oddiy holat emas, balki kam uchraydigan maxsus holat ekanini tushuntiradi. Bunday miqdoriy cheklovlar iqtisodiy tizimning toʻliq [[bandlik]] muvozanatiga nisbatan dinamik barqarorligini murakkablashtiruvchi nochiziqliliklarni keltirib chiqaradi hamda „nazariy“ va „real“ talab tushunchalarini bir-biridan farq qilishini koʻrsatadi<ref>• Robert W. Clower, 1965. "The Keynesian Counter-Revolution: A Theoretical Appraisal, " in [[Frank Hahn|F. H. Hahn]] and F. P. R. Brechling, ed., ''The Theory of Interest Rates''. Macmillan. Reprinted in Clower, 1987, ''Money and Markets'', pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=7CQ4AAAAIAAJ&dq=%22The+Keynesian+Counter+Revolution%3A+A+Theoretical+Appraisal%22&pg=RA1-PA34 34-58.]<br />&nbsp;&nbsp; • Herschel I. Grossman, 1971. "Money, Interest, and Prices in Market Disequilibrium, " ''Journal of Political Economy'',79(5), pp. [https://www.jstor.org/pss/1830266 943]-961.<br />&nbsp;&nbsp; •[[Avinash Dixit]], 1978. "The Balance of Trade in a Model of Temporary Equilibrium with Rationing, " ''Review of Economic Studies'', 45(3), pp. [https://www.jstor.org/pss/2297242 393]-404.</ref>.
* [[Pul]] nazariyasi pul iqtisodiyoti va [[ayirboshlash]] iqtisodiyoti oʻrtasidagi farqni aniq koʻrsatib berishi lozim. Bunda „shakllangan mikroiqtisodiy nazariyadan farqli oʻlaroq, pul tovarlari mavjud ortiqcha talab kuchlarini shakllantirishda oʻziga xos va markaziy oʻrin tutadi“. Aynan shu yerda uning „oldindan naqd pul talab qilinishi“ cheklovi, hozirda koʻpincha „Clower cheklovi“ deb ataladigan tushuncha joriy etilgan<ref>• Robert Clower, 1967. "A Reconsideration of the Microfoundations of Monetary Theory, " ''Western Economic Journal'', 6(1), p. 8. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200308210419/https://www.ssc.uwo.ca/economics/grad/533b-001/Notes/Clower_1967.pdf pp. 1-8] (press '''+''')].<br />&nbsp;&nbsp; • _____, 1964. "Monetary History and Positive Economics, " ''Journal of Economic History'', 24(3), pp. [https://www.jstor.org/pss/2116326 364]-380.<br />&nbsp;&nbsp; • _____, 1969b. "What Traditional Monetary Theory Really Wasnʼt, " ''Canadian Journal of Economics''. 2(2), pp. [https://www.jstor.org/pss/133641 299]-302.<br />&nbsp;&nbsp; • Joseph M. Ostroy, 1992. "Money and General Equilibrium Theory, " sect. 2, Transaction Costs, ''The New Palgrave Dictionary of Money and Finance''.<br />&nbsp;&nbsp; • [[Nobuhiro Kiyotaki]] and [[Randall Wright]], 1993. "A Search-Theoretic Approach to Monetary Economics, " ''American Economic Review'', 83(1), pp. [http://home.cc.umanitoba.ca/~jiang2/kiyotaki%20and%20wright%201993%20aer.pdf 63-77]{{Dead link|date=November 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} (press '''+''').<br />&nbsp;&nbsp; • Robert W. Clower, 1987. ''Money and Markets''. Cambridge. [http://www.cambridge.org/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=0521335604 Description] and chapter-preview [https://books.google.com/books?id=7CQ4AAAAIAAJ&pg=PR7 links.] Review [https://www.jstor.org/pss/2233139 extract] of [[David Laidler]].<br />&nbsp;&nbsp; • _____,1994. "Economics as an Inductive Science, " ''Southern Economic Journal'', 60(4), pp. [http://cas.umkc.edu/ECON/economics/faculty/Lee/courses/502/reading/methcrit1.pdf 805-814] {{Webarxiv|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807155505/http://cas.umkc.edu/ECON/economics/faculty/Lee/courses/502/reading/methcrit1.pdf |date=2011-08-07 }} (press '''+'''). Presidential address, [[Southern Economic Association|SEA]].<br />&nbsp;&nbsp; • _____, 1995a. "Axiomatics in Economics, " ''Southern Economic Journal'', 62(2), pp. [http://cas.umkc.edu/ECON/economics/faculty/Lee/courses/502/reading/gewecrit2.pdf 307-319] {{Webarxiv|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807155427/http://cas.umkc.edu/ECON/economics/faculty/Lee/courses/502/reading/gewecrit2.pdf |date=2011-08-07 }} (press '''+''').<br />&nbsp;&nbsp; • _____ 1995b, "On the Origin of Monetary Exchange, " ''Economic Inquiry'', 33(4), pp. 525-36. [https://web.archive.org/20130105121900/http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/119960536/abstract Abstract] and [http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_hb5814/is_n4_v33/ai_n28662449/ reprint.]
<br />&nbsp;&nbsp; • _____, 1995c. ''Economic Doctrine and Method: Selected Papers of R. W. Clower'', Edward Elgar Publishing. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110722004616/http://www.e-elgar.co.uk/bookentry_main.lasso?id=92 Description.]
<br />&nbsp;&nbsp; • _____, 1996. „Taking Markets Seriously: Groundwork for a Post-Walrasian Macroeconomics“, with P. W. Howitt, in David Colander, ed., ''Beyond Microfoundations'', pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=1FuhaZkuBZoC&dq=%22Taking+Markets+Seriously%22+clower&pg=PA21 21-37.]<br />&nbsp;&nbsp; • Peter Howitt, Elisabetta de Antoni, and [[Axel Leijonhufvud]], ed., 1999. ''Money, Markets and Method: Essays in Honour of Robert W. Clower'', Edward Elgar. [http://www.e-elgar-economics.com/Bookentry_Main.lasso?id=1559 Description.]{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref>.
== Manbalar ==
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[[Turkum:Amerikalik iqtisodchilar]]
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