Skiflar sahifasining manbasini koʻrish

'''Skiflar''' — [[Qora dengiz]]dan shimoliy-gʻarbda, [[Dunay]] va [[Don (daryo)|Don]], [[Dnepr]] va [[Dnestr]] [[daryo]]lari quyi havzalaridan to Volgaga qadar boʻlgan hududlarda yashagan chorvador [[aholi]] (miloddan avval 7—milodiy <nowiki>III</nowiki> asr). Skiflar shimoliy [[eroniy tillar|eron tillari]]ning turli lahjalarida soʻzlovchi qabilalar hisoblanadi. Bu hududlarda skiflarga qadar yashagan [[kimmeriylar]] ham [[Eroniy tillar|eron zabon]] boʻlgan. [[Gerodot]]ning yozishicha, bu hududlarga skiflar Osiyodan koʻchib kelganlar va tub aholining til muhiti taʼsirida eronlashganlar. Asl vatani Volgadan sharqda, yaʼni Osiyoning [[Qozogʻiston]] dashtlari, [[Janubiy Ural]] va [[Oltoy]] hamda [[Janub]]iy [[Sibir]] hududlari boʻlib, skif qabilalari aslida [[eroniy tillar]]ning turli lahjalarida soʻzlashuvchi [[oriylar]] edi. Chunki, shu mintaqalar aholisining moddiy [[madaniyat]]i va [[antropologik tip]]i [[jez davri]]dan boshlab birbiridan farq qilmaydi. Skiflar Yevrosiyo choʻllari aholisiga [[ellinizm|ellinlar]] tomonidan berilgan umumiy [[nom]] boʻlib, eron manbalarida ularni [[saklar]] deb yuritilgan. Gerodot "[[forslar]] skiflarni saklar" deb ataydi deb yozadi. Dengiz sohillariga yaqin istiqomat qilgan aholisiga skif atamasi ishlatilsa, [[Oʻrta Osiyo]], [[Yettisuv]] va Qozogʻiston dashtlari hamda Togʻli Oltoy aholisiga nisbatan koʻproq sak atamasi ishlatilib kelinadi. Gerodotning yozishiga qaraganda, osiyolik skiflar dastlab shimoliy va sharqiy Qora dengiz sohillarini egallab, tub aholi — kimmeriylar ustidan oʻz hukmronligini oʻrnatgach, kimmeriy suvoriylarini [[Kichik Osiyo]]ga quvadilar, soʻng [[Midiya]], [[Suriya]] va [[Falastin]] hududlarini, Shimoliy [[Mesopotamiya]]ni egallaydilar.

Miloddan avval <nowiki>VII</nowiki> asr boshlarida Midiya davlati kuchayib, skiflarni u yerdan haydab chiqaradi. Skiflar Qora dengizdan shimol va sharqda, Dneprdan Dongacha boʻlgan choʻllarda oʻrnashib, endi mahalliy kimmeriy qabilalari bilan ittifoqlikda yashay boshlaydilar. Ellinlar esa bu joylarni Skifiya deb ataydilar. Miloddan avval <nowiki>VII</nowiki> asrda Skifiya juda katta siyosiy-harbiy qudrat edi. Gerodotning yozishicha, [[Doro]] boshliq qudratli Fors davlati miloddan avval 513-yilda skiflar ustiga yurish qilib, oʻz maqsadiga erisha olmagan. Aksincha skiflar [[axomaniylar]]ga tobe yerlarga javob hujumlari uyushtirib, ularni dahshatga soladilar. [[skif tili|Skiflarning tili]] barcha manbalarda [[Eroniy tillar|eroniy]] ekanligi taʼkidlanadi.

[[Skiflar podsholigi|Skiflar davlati]] miloddan avval <nowiki>V—IV</nowiki> asrlarda [[Azov dengizi]]dan Dunay daryosigacha hududlarni birlashtirgan kuchli harbiy-demokratik davlat boʻlsada, miloddan avval <nowiki>III</nowiki> asrning oxirlarida Don ortidan kelgan [[sarmatlar]]ning hujumi natijasida bir qism hududidan ajrab, ancha zaiflashadi. Mildoiy <nowiki>I</nowiki> asrning 2-yarmida skiflar bir necha bor [[Bospor podsholigi]] bilan urushlar olib borib, oʻzining avvalgi jangovarlik ruhini yoʻqotadi va nihoyat milodiy <nowiki>III</nowiki> asrda [[Skifiya]] [[gotlar]] tomonidan tugatildi. [[Xalq]]larning [[buyuk koʻchish]]i davrida skiflar boshqa qabilalar tarkibiga singib, nafaqat mustaqillik, balki etnik xususiyatlarini ham yoʻqotadilar.

== Nomlari ==

=== Etimologiyasi ===
Skiflar nomi qadimgi yunoncha ''Skuthēs'' (Σκυθης) va ''Skuthoi'' (Σκυθοι) nomlaridan olingan bo'lib, bu skiflarning o'zlariga bergan ''Skuδatā'' (kamonchilar) nomidan olingan.<ref>{{Jurnal manbasi |last=Витчак |first=К.Т. |date=1999 |title=Скифский язык: опыт описания |url=https://vja.ruslang.ru/ru/archive/1992-5/50-59 |magazine=Вопросы языкознания |volume=5 |pages=50–59}}</ref><ref>{{Jurnal manbasi |last=Bukharin |first=Mikhail Dmitrievich |date=2013 |title=Колаксай и его братья (античная традиция о происхождении царской власти у скифов" [Kolaxais and his Brothers (Classical Tradition on the Origin of the Royal Power of the Scythians)] |url=https://www.academia.edu/6542379 |magazine=Аристей: вестник классической филологии и античной истории [Aristaeus: Journal of Classical Philology and Ancient History] |language=ruscha |volume=3 |pages=20–80 |qaralgan sana=2024-05-11 |arxiv-sana=2022-09-20 |arxiv-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920163309/https://www.academia.edu/6542379 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Kitob manbasi |title=Problem of Archaism and Innovation in the Eastern Iranian Languages |url=https://www.academia.edu/4896441 |author=Novák, Ľubomír |year=2013 |location=Prague, Czech Republic |publisher=Charles University |page=10 |chapterurl=https://www.academia.edu/4896441 |access-date=2024-05-11 |archive-date=2022-08-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220814100314/https://www.academia.edu/4896441 }}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Kitob manbasi |title=Encyclopædia Iranica |author=Ivantchik, Askold |year=2018 |chapter=Scythians |location=New York City, United States |publisher=Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation; Brill Publishers |chapterurl=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/scythians}}</ref> Ossuriyaliklar bu nomni ''Iškuzaya'' (𒅖𒆪𒍝𒀀𒀀), ''māt Iškuzaya'' (𒆳𒅖𒆪𒍝𒀀𒀀), ''awīlū Iškuzaya'' (𒇽𒅖𒆪𒍝𒀀𒀀),<ref>{{Kitob manbasi |title=Neo-Assyrian Toponyms |author=Parpola, Simo |year=1970 |publisher=Butzon & Bercker |location=Kevaeler |page=178 |url=https://archive.org/details/neoassyriantopon0000parp/page/n9/mode/2up}}</ref> yoki ''ālu Asguzaya'' (𒌷𒊍𒄖𒍝𒀀𒀀), ''māt Askuzaya'' (𒆳𒊍𒆪𒍝𒀀𒀀), va ''māt Ašguzaya'' (𒆳𒀾𒄖𒍝𒀀𒀀) shakllariga o'zgartirishgan.

Qadimgi forslar skiflarni "[[Qora dengiz|(Qora) dengizdan]] narida yashovchi Saklar" (𐎿𐎣𐎠 𐏐 𐎫𐎹𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎱𐎼𐎭𐎼𐎹, ''Sakā tayaiy paradraya''), misrliklar esa shunchaki "Saklar" ( <sub>'''𓋴𓎝𓎡𓈉'''</sub>, ''sk'') deb ataydi. Aynan shu nomdan yunon-rim manbalaridagi "Sacae" nomi kelib chiqqan.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Kitob manbasi |title=History of Civilizations of Central Asia: The Development of Sedentary and Nomadic Civilizations, 700 B. C. to A. D. 250. Vol. 1 |author=Dandamayev, Muhammad |year=1994 |chapter=Media and Achaemenid Iran |editor=Harmatta, János Harmatta |publisher=UNESCO |pages=35–64 |isbn=9231028464 |url=https://books.google.co.uz/books?id=9U6RlVVjpakC&redir_esc=y |quote=In modern scholarship the name 'Sakas' is reserved for the ancient tribes of northern and eastern Central Asia and Eastern Turkestan to distinguish them from the related Massagetae of the Aral region and the Scythians of the Pontic steppes. These tribes spoke Iranian languages, and their chief occupation was nomadic pastoralism. |page=37}}</ref><ref>{{Kitob manbasi |title=The Scythians 700–300 BC |author=Cernenko, E. V. |year=2012 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-1-78096-773-8 |url=https://books.google.co.uz/books?id=ByzDCwAAQBAJ&redir_esc=y |quote=The Scythians lived in the Early Iron Age, and inhabited the northern areas of the Black Sea (Pontic) steppes. Though the 'Scythian period' in the history of Eastern Europe lasted little more than 400 years, from the 7th to the 3rd centuries BC, the impression these horsemen made upon the history of their times was such that a thousand years after they had ceased to exist as a sovereign people, their heartland and the territories which they dominated far beyond it continued to be known as 'greater Scythia'. |page=3}}</ref><ref>{{Kitob manbasi |title=The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia |author=Melyukova, A. I. |chapter=The Scythians and Sarmatians |year=1990 |editor=Sinor, Denis |location=Cambridge, United Kingdom |publisher=Cambridge University Press |pages=97–117 |isbn=978-0-521-24304-9 |url=https://archive.org/details/cambridgehistory0000unse_w0y6 |quote=From the end of the 7th century B.C. to the 4th century B.C. the Central- Eurasian steppes were inhabited by two large groups of kin Iranian-speaking tribes – the Scythians and Sarmatians [...] "[I]t may be confidently stated that from the end of the 7th century to the 3rd century B.C. the Scythians occupied the steppe expanses of the north Black Sea area, from the Don in the east to the Danube in the West. |page=97-98}}</ref><ref>{{Kitob manbasi |title=The Median and Achaemenian Periods. The Cambridge History of Iran. Vol. 2 |author=Sulimirski, T. |year=1985 |chapter=The Scyths |editor=Gershevitch, I. |location=Cambridge, United Kingdom |publisher=Cambridge University Press |pages=149–199 |isbn=978-1-139-05493-5 |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cambridge_History_of_Iran |quote=During the first half of the first millennium B.C., c. 3,000 to 2,500 years ago, the southern part of Eastern Europe was occupied mainly by peoples of Iranian stock [...] The main Iranian-speaking peoples of the region at that period were the Scyths and the Sarmatians [...] [T]he population of ancient Scythia was far from being homogeneous, nor were the Scyths themselves a homogeneous people. The country called after them was ruled by their principal tribe, the "Royal Scyths" (Her. iv. 20), who were of Iranian stock and called themselves "Skolotoi" (iv. 6); they were nomads who lived in the steppe east of the Dnieper up to the Don, and in the Crimean steppe [...] The eastern neighbours of the "Royal Scyths," the Sauromatians, were also Iranian; their country extended over the steppe east of the Don and the Volga. |page=149-153}}</ref>

=== Zamonaviy terminologiya ===
Skiflar bugungi [[Qozogʻiston|Qozog'iston]], [[Rossiya]]ning [[Sibir|Sibir dashtlari]],<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Jurnal manbasi |last=Unterländer |first=Martina |date=2017 |title=Ancestry and demography and descendants of Iron Age nomads of the Eurasian Steppe |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5337992 |magazine=Nature Communications |volume=8: 14615 |bibcode=2017NatCo...814615U |doi=10.1038/ncomms14615 |pmc=5337992 |pmid=28256537 |quote=Contemporary descendants of western Scythian groups are found among various groups in the Caucasus and Central Asia, while similarities to eastern Scythian are found to be more widespread, but almost exclusively among Turkic language speaking (formerly) nomadic groups, particularly from the Kipchak branch of Turkic languages. |issn = 2041-1723 }}</ref> [[Ural]], [[Volga]] va Janubiy hudulari va sharqiy [[Ukraina]] hududlarini o'z ichiga oluvchi Skif-Sibir xalqlarining bir qismi hisoblangan.<ref>{{Jurnal manbasi |last=Järve |first=Mari |date=2019 |title=Shifts in the Genetic Landscape of the Western Eurasian Steppe Associated with the Beginning and End of the Scythian Dominance |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0960982219307122 |magazine=Current Biology |volume=29 (14) |pages=2430–2441 |bibcode=2019CBio...29E2430J |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2019.06.019 |issn=0960-9822 |pmid=31303491}}</ref> Kengroq ma'noda barcha Yevroosiyo ko'chmanchi qabilalariga nisbatan ham "skiflar" nomi qo'llangan.<ref name=":1" /> Biroq bunday nom bahs-munozaralarga sabab bo'ladi<ref name=":0" /> va mutaxassislar fikricha barcha ko'chmanchilarga nisbatan "ilk ko'chmanchilar" nomini ishlatish to'g'riroq.<ref name=":2">{{Kitob manbasi |title=The Cambridge History of China |author=Di Cosmo, Nicola |year=1999 |chapter=The Northern Frontier in Pre-Imperial China (1,500 – 221 BC) |editor=Loewe, Michael; Shaughnessy, Edward L. |location=Cambridge, United Kingdom |publisher=Cambridge University Press |pages=885–996 |isbn=0-521-47030-7 |url=https://www.academia.edu/5191670/Northern_Frontier_in_Pre_Imperial_China_Cambridge_History_of_Ancient_China_}}</ref>

Skiflar, [[saklar]] va [[kimmeriylar]] ko'chmanchi eroniy qabilalar qardoshlari bo'lgan bo'lib, qadimgi bobilliklar, qadimgi forslar va qadimgi [[yunonlar]] barcha dasht ko'chmanchilarini mos ravishda "kimmeriylar", "saklar" va "skiflar" deb atashgan. Yangi davrdagi tarixchilar, masalan [[Edward Gibbon]] skiflar deganda [[Yevrosiyo|Yevroosiyo]] dashtlaridagi barcha ko'chmanchi va yarim-ko'chmanchi xalqlarni nazarda tutadi.<ref>{{Kitob manbasi |title=Encyclopædia Iranica |author=Rogers, Michael |chapter=Gibbon, Edward |chapterurl=https://iranicaonline.org/articles/gibbon |location=New York City, United States |publisher=Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation; Brill Publishers |year=2001}}</ref>

"Skif" nomi zamonaviy tarixiy manbalarda miloddan avvalgi VII asr va milodiy III asr oralig'ida Qora dengiz shimoli, [[Qrim]] va [[Kuban|Kuban vodiysida]], shuningdek Taman va [[Kerch yarim oroli|Kerch]] yarim orollarida yashagan ko'chmanchi eroniy qabilalarga nisbatan ishlatiladi.<ref>{{Kitob manbasi |title=The Art of the Scythians: The Interpenetration of Cultures at the Edge of the Hellenic World. Handbuch der Orientalistik |author=Jacobson, Esther |year=1995 |location=Leiden, Netherlands |publisher=Brill Publishers |isbn=978-9-004-09856-5}}</ref> "Saka" atamasi esa ularning sharqiy qardoshlari, Yevroosiyo dashtlarining shimoliy va sharqiy qismlarida va [[Qashqar tekisligi]]da yashagan xalqlarga nisbatan ishlatiladi.<ref>Kramrisch, Stella. "[https://www.britannica.com/art/Central-Asian-arts/Visual-arts#ref314168 Central Asian Arts: Nomadic Cultures]". ''Encyclopædia Britannica Online''. <q>The Śaka tribe was pasturing its herds in the Pamirs, central Tien Shan, and in the Amu Darya delta. Their gold belt buckles, jewelry, and harness decorations display sheep, griffins, and other animal designs that are similar in style to those used by the Scythians, a nomadic people living in the Kuban basin of the Caucasus region and the western section of the Eurasian plain during the greater part of the 1st millennium bc.</q></ref> Kimmeriylar esa o'z davrida madaniy jihatdan skiflarning bir turi sifatida ko'rilgan bo'lsada, ular skiflardan boshqa qabilaga tegishli bo'lgan va Qora dengiz bo'yi dashtlarida yashagan ushbu kimmeriylar oxir-oqibatda skiflar tomonidan siqib chiqarilgan.<ref>{{Kitob manbasi |title=Encyclopædia Iranica |author=Tokhtas’ev, Sergei R. |year=1991 |chapter=Cimmerians |chapterurl=https://iranicaonline.org/articles/cimmerians-nomads |location=New York City, United States |publisher=Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation; Brill Publishers}}</ref>

Skiflar o'zlaridan sharqda yashovchi xalqlar bilan bir qator umumiy jihatlarga ega bo'lib, ular bilan bir xil qurollarga, ot anjomlariga va tasviriy san'at ko'rinishlariga ega bo'lishgan va bu olimlar tomonidan "Skif triadasi" deb nomlanadi.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /> Ushbu madaniy jihatlarga ega bo'lgan xalqlar odatda skiflar madaniyatiga tegishli deb yuritilgan va shu sababdan ular ham skiflar deb hisoblangan.<ref>{{Jurnal manbasi |last=Watson |first=William |date=1972 |title=The Chinese Contribution to Eastern Nomad Culture in the Pre-Han and Early Han Periods |magazine=World Archaeology |publisher=Taylor & Francis, Ltd. |volume=4 (2) |pages=139–149 |doi=10.1080/00438243.1972.9979528 |jstor=123972}}</ref> Skiflar madaniyatiga ega sifatida ko'rilgan xalqlar nafaqat etnik guruh sifatidagi skiflarning o'zi bo'lishgan,<ref>{{Kitob manbasi |title=The Oxford Handbook of the Archaeology and Anthropology of Rock Art |author=David, Bruno; McNiven, Ian J. |year=2018 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-060735-7 |url=https://books.google.co.uz/books?id=VlByDwAAQBAJ&redir_esc=y}}</ref> balki kimmeriylar, [[massagetlar]], saklar, [[sarmatlar]] va [[Sharqiy Yevropa]] o'rmon-dashtlarida istiqomat qilgan turli-tuman noma'lum xalqlar<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> (masalan, ilk [[slavyanlar]], boltiq xalqlari va fin-ugor xalqlari) ham skiflar sifatida ko'rilgan.<ref>{{Kitob manbasi |title=Brill's Companion to Herodotus |author=West, Stephanie |year=2002 |chapter=Scythians |editor=Bakker, Egbert J.; de Jong, Irene J. F.; van Wees, Hans |publisher=Brill |pages=437–456 |isbn=978-90-04-21758-4 |url=https://brill.com/display/book/edcoll/9789004217584/BP000020.xml}}</ref><ref>{{Kitob manbasi |title=Nomads of the Eurasian Steppes in the Early Iron Age |author=Davis-Kimball, Jeannine; Bashilov, Vladimir A.; Yablonsky, Leonid T. |year=1995 |publisher=Zinat Press |isbn=978-1-885979-00-1 |url=https://books.google.co.uz/books?id=aSgSAQAAIAAJ&redir_esc=y}}</ref>

Skiflar atamasining ushbu keng ta'rifida, g'arbiy skiflar boshqa skiflardan "Klassik skiflar", "G'arbiy skiflar", "Yevropa skiflari" yoki "Qora dengiz skiflari" nomlari bilan farqlangan.<ref name=":1" /> Lekin arxeolog Maurits Nanning van Loon 1966-yilda kimmeriylarni nomlash uchun "G'arbiy skiflar" nomidan, skiflarning o'zi uchun esa "Sharqiy skiflar" nomidan foydalanadi.<ref>van Loon, Maurits Nanning (1966). ''Urartian Art: Its Distinctive Traits in the Light of New Excavations''. Istanbul, Turkey: Nederlands Historisch-Archaeologisch Instituut.</ref>

Skifolog Askold Ivanchik "skiflar" atamasi turli joylarda ham keng, ham tor ma'noda qo'llanishini va bu ilmiy hamjamiyatda ancha chalkashliklarga sabab bo'lishini afsus bilan qayd etadi. Uning fikricha "skiflar" atamasi miloddan avvalgi VII asr - milodiy III asrda Qora dengiz bo'ylarida yashagan eroniy xalqlarning o'zigagina nisbatan ishlatilishi kerak.<ref name=":0" /> Nicola Di Cosmo fikricha Sharqiy Yevropa dashtlarida yashagan ilk ko'chmanchi xalqlarning barchasiga berilgan "skiflar" nomi "o'ta keng va chalkash" shunday ekan ular uchun "ilk ko'chmanchilar" nomini ishlatish to'g'riroqdir.<ref name=":2" />

== Tarix ==
VI asr oxiridagi Vizantiyaning harbiy taktika haqidagi "Strategikon of Mavrikiy" (Strategikon) risolasi:". Arriani Tactica & Mauricii " ning 1664-yilgi tarjimasi jamoat kutubxonalarida mavjud. Bu kitobda shunday deyilgan: “Skif qabilalari bir tizim va bir tartibdan foydalanadilar. Lekin ularning intizomi ancha xunuk. Ular orasida faqat turklar va avarlar eng kuchli bo‘lishga intiladi”. '''Bu yerda muallif turk va avarlarni skif qabilalari deb ham ataydi.'''

== Adabiyot ==

== Manbalar ==
{{manbalar}}

[[Turkum:Millatlar]]
[[Turkum:Tarix]]