Tao Te Ching sahifasining manbasini koʻrish

'''''Tao Te Ching - 道德经''''' eramizdan avvalgi 400-yillarda an'anaviy ravishda  [[Lao-szi|donishmand Laozi]] tomonidan yozilgan [[Xitoy klassikasi|xitoy klassik matni]]<ref name="Ellwood2008">{{Kitob manbasi|last=Ellwood|first=Robert S.|title=The Encyclopedia of World Religions|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1pGbdI4L0qsC&pg=PA262|year=2008|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-1-4381-1038-7|page=262}}</ref><ref>{{Veb manbasi|sana=27 December 2013|sarlavha=The Tao Te Ching by Laozi: ancient wisdom for modern times|url=http://www.theguardian.com/books/2013/dec/27/comfort-reading-tao-te-ching-laozi|qaralgan sana=28 January 2022|ish=the Guardian|til=en}}</ref> . Tuzilgan sanasi haqida bahs-munozaralar mavjud.<ref>{{Harvp|Eliade|1984}}</ref> Eng qadimgi topilgan qism miloddan avvalgi 4-asrning oxiriga to'g'ri keladi<ref name="stanford">{{Harvp|Chan|2013}}.</ref>, ammo zamonaviy tadqiqot matnning boshqa qismlarini ''Chjuanzining'' eng qadimgi qismlaridan keyinroq yozilgan  deb hisoblaydi.<ref>Creel 1970, What is Taoism? 75</ref>

''Tao Te Ching'', ''Zhuangzi'' bilan birga, ham falsafiy, ham diniy [[Daosizm|Taoizm]] uchun asosiy matndir. Bu, shuningdek, Xitoy falsafasi va [[Xitoyda dinlar|dinining]] boshqa maktablariga, jumladan, [[legalizm]], [[konfutsiylik]] va [[xitoy buddizmi]]ga kuchli ta'sir ko'rsatdi. Ko'pgina rassomlar, jumladan shoirlar,  xattotlar va bog'bonlar ''Tao Te Chingdan'' ilhom manbai sifatida foydalanganlar. Uning ta'siri keng tarqaldi va jahon adabiyotida eng ko'p tarjima qilingan matnlardan biri hisoblanadi.<ref name="stanford">{{Harvp|Chan|2013}}.</ref>

Qadimgi Xitoy kitoblari odatda ularning haqiqiy yoki taxminiy muallifi nomi bilan murojaat qilingan. Shunday qilib, ''Tao Te Ching'' ba'zan ''Laozi'' deb ham ataladi, ayniqsa xitoy manbalarida.<ref name="stanford">{{Harvp|Chan|2013}}.</ref>

Klassik maqomiga ega "Daodejing" unvoni birinchi marta Xan imperatori Jing (miloddan avvalgi 157-141) davridan boshlab qo'llanilgan.<ref>Seidel, Anna. 1969. ''La divinisation de Lao tseu dans le taoïsme des Han.'' Paris: École française d'Extrême‑Orient. 24, 50</ref> Asarning boshqa nomlari orasida faxriy " Sutra (yoki "Mukammal Muqaddas Yozuv") yo'l va uning kuchi" ( ''Daode Zhenjing'' ) va tavsiflovchi "5000 [[Xitoy yozuvi|belgi]] klassikasi" ( ''Vuqian Wen'' ) mavjud.

== Matn ==
''Tao Te Ching'' uzoq va murakkab matn tarixiga ega. Ma'lum bo'lgan versiyalar va sharhlar ikki ming yillik tarixga ega, jumladan, XX asrda topilgan qadimgi bambuk, ipak va qog'oz qo'lyozmalarida.

=== Ichki tuzilish ===
''Tao Te Ching'' - bu 81 ta qisqa bo'limdan iborat  qisqa matn. Bob bo'linishlari keyinchalik qo'shimchalar - sharhlash uchun yoki eslab qolish uchun yordam sifatida - va asl matn yanada ravonroq tuzilganligi haqida ba'zi dalillar mavjud. U ikki qismdan iborat: ''Tao Ching'' ( {{Lang|zh-hant|道經}} ; 1–37-boblar) va ''Te Ching'' ( {{Lang|zh-hant|德經}} ; 38–81 boblar), ular birgalikda matnga tahrirlangan bo'lishi mumkin, ehtimol asl ''Te Tao Chingdan'' o'zgartirilgan. Yozma uslub ixcham va turli xil, qarama-qarshi talqinlarni ifoda etadi. Fikrlar yagona; poetik uslubda.

Asl nusxadagi xitoycha harflar, ehtimol, ''zhuànshū'' (māngīmī muhr yozuvi ), keyingi versiyalari esa ''lìshū'' (lìshūklerik skript ) va ''kǎishū'' (mǎmīngū muntazam yozuv ) uslublarida yozilgan.

=== Muallifning tarixiy haqiqiyligi ===
''Tao Te Ching'' [[Lao-szi|Laoziga]] tegishli bo'lib, uning tarixiy mavjudligi ilmiy munozaralarga sabab bo'lgan. Uning ismi, ya'ni "Keksa usta" degan ma'noni anglatadi, bu masalada faqat bahs-munozaralarni kuchaytirdi.<ref>{{Kitob manbasi|last=Cao|first=Feng|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vf06DwAAQBAJ|title=Daoism in Early China: Huang-Lao Thought in Light of Excavated Texts|date=20 October 2017|publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]]|isbn=978-1-137-55094-1|language=en}}</ref>
[[Fayl:Laozi.jpg|thumb| [[Lao-szi|Laozi buqa]] [[Buyvollar|ustida]]]]
Laozi haqida birinchi ishonchli ma'lumot  xitoylik tarixchi [[Sima Syan|Sima Qiannng]]  "''Buyuk tarixchining yozuvlari'' " asaridan bo'lib, u bu uchta hikoyani birlashtiradi. Birinchisida Laozi [[Konfutsiy]]ning zamondoshi  va uning shaxsiy ismi Er ( {{Lang|zh|耳}} ) yoki Dan ( {{Lang|zh|聃}} )ligi, u imperator saroyida amaldor bo'lib, G'arbga ketishdan oldin ikki qismdan iborat kitob yozganligi; Xan-ku dovoni qo'riqchisi Yinxi iltimosiga ko'ra, Laozi ''Tao Te Chingni'' yaratgaligi keltirib otilgan. Ikkinchi hikoyada Laozi, shuningdek, Konfutsiyning zamondoshi,15 qismdan iborat kitob yozganligining bayoni va uchinchidan, {{Lang|zh|老聃}} buyuk tarixchi va munajjim  Qin Imperatori Sian ( {{Lang|zh-Hant|秦獻公}} ) hukmronligi davrida (miloddan avvalgi 384-362) yashagan Lao Dan edi deb aytib o'tilgan

Bir necha avlod olimlari Laozining tarixiyligi va ''Tao Te Ching'' haqida bahslashdilar. Matnning lug'at va [[qofiya]] sxemasi bo'yicha lingvistik tadqiqotlar ''Shijingdan'' keyin ''Chjuangzigacha'' bo'lgan kompozitsiya sanasiga ishora qiladi. Afsonalar turlicha da'vo qiladilarki, Laozi 996 yildan o'n ikki xil timsollar bilan va Uch Podshohlik davridan boshlab Laozi sifatida yashagan. Ba'zi g'arb olimlari Laozining tarixiy mavjudligiga shubha bildirishgan.

Ko'pgina ''daochilar Laozini Daotsu'', Dao maktabining asoschisi,  ''Daode Tianzun'' va Xitoy yaratilish afsonasida Tayjidan o'zlashgan sakkiz oqsoqoldan biri sifatida hurmat qilishadi.

Bugungi kunda olimlar orasida matn bir nechta mualliflarni ifodalovchi kompilyatsiya yoki antologiyadir, degan fikr ustunlik qiladi. Joriy matn bir yoki ikki asrga oid ko'plab matnlardan olingan.<ref name="Stanford">Chan, Alan, "[https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2018/entries/laozi/ Laozi]", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2018 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), retrieved 3 February 2020</ref>

=== Asosiy versiyalar ===
''Tao Te Ching'' matnining ko'plab uzatilgan nashrlari orasida uchta asosiysi dastlabki sharhlar sharafiga nomlangan. Faqat ''Te Ching'' uchun saqlanib qolgan "Yan Zun versiyasi" [[Xan (sulola)|Xan sulolasi]] olimi Yan {{Lang|zh-Hant|巖尊}} ga tegishli sharhdan olingan.  "Heshang Gong versiyasi"  Xan imperatori Ven hukmronligi davrida (miloddan avvalgi 180-157) yashaganXeshang Gong sharafiga {{Lang|zh|河上公}} nomlangan.   Unda {{Lang|zh|葛玄}} Ge Xuan tomonidan yozilgan so'z bor ,  Ge Xongning nabirasi  ushbu versiyani milodiy 3-asrga to'g'rilaydi. "Vang Bi versiyasi" yuqoridagilardan biriga qaraganda ko'proq tasdiqlangan manbalarga ega. Vang Bi ( {{Lang|zh|王弼}} , 226–249) - Uch Shohlik davri faylasufi va ''Tao Te Ching'' va ''I Chingning'' sharhlovchisi.

''Tao Te Ching''  qo'lyozmalarning arxeologik kashfiyotidan oldinga chiqdi, ularning ba'zilari olingan matnlarning har qandayidan eskiroqdir. 1920 va 1930-yillardan boshlab Mark Aurel Stein va boshqalar [[Dunxuan]]g yaqinidagi [[Ming uy|Mogao g'orlarida]] minglab o'ramlarni topdilar. Ular 50 dan ortiq qisman va toʻliq “Tao Te Ching” qoʻlyozmalarini oʻz ichiga olgan. Yozuvchi So/Su Dan  tomonidan yozilgan  miloddan avvalgi 270-yilga tegishli bo'lib, Heshang Gong versiyasiga to'g'ri keladi.

=== Mavzular ===
Matn Dao (yoki "Yo'l") va uning qanday qilib fazilat ( De) bilan ifodalanishi bilan bog'liq. Xususan, matnda tabiiylik ( ''ziron'' ) va harakatsizlik ( ''wuwei'' ) fazilatlari ta'kidlangan.<ref name="Stanford"/>

== Versiyalar va tarjimalar ==
''Tao Te Ching'' G'arb tillariga 250 martadan ortiq, asosan ingliz, nemis va fransuz tillariga tarjima qilingan. {{Sfnp|LaFargue & al.|1998}} Xolms Uelchning so'zlariga ko'ra, "Bu mashhur jumboq bo'lib, uni hamma hal qilganini his qilishni xohlaydi".<ref>{{Kitob manbasi|last=Welch|first=Holmes|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fe7XAAAAMAAJ|title=Taoism: The Parting of the Way|date=1966|publisher=[[Beacon Press]]|isbn=978-0-8070-5973-9|pages=7|language=en}}</ref> ''Tao Te Chingning'' birinchi ingliz tiliga tarjimasi 1868 yilda [[Skottlar|shotlandiyalik]] [[Protestantizm|protestant]] missioner Jon Chalmers ''tomonidan "Qadimgi faylasuf" Lau-tszening metafizika, siyosat va axloq haqidagi fikrlari deb nomlangan'' . {{Sfnp|Chalmers|1868}} U Julienning fransuzcha tarjimasiga {{Sfnp|Julien|1842}} {{Sfnp|Chalmers|1868}} keyinchalik [[Oxford University Press|Oksfordning]] ''Sharqning Muqaddas Kitoblari'' uchun oʻz tarjimasini yaratgan Jeyms Leggega  bagʻishlangan.

''Tao Te Chingning'' boshqa diqqatga sazovor ingliz tilidagi tarjimalari xitoylik olimlar va oʻqituvchilar tomonidan yaratilgan: 1948-yilda tilshunos [[Lin Yutang]] tarjimasi, 1961-yilda muallif Jon Ching Xsiung Vu tarjimasi, 1963-yilda sinolog Din Cheuk Lau tarjimasi, yana bir 1963-yil professor tomonidan tarjima qilingan. Wing-tsit Chan va 1972 yilda [[Daosizm|Taoist]] o'qituvchisi Gia-Fu Fengning rafiqasi Jeyn English bilan tarjimasi.

Ko'pgina tarjimalar [[xitoy tili]] va falsafasiga ega bo'lgan odamlar tomonidan yozilgan, ular matnning asl ma'nosini iloji boricha ingliz tiliga sodiqlik bilan etkazishga harakat qilishadi. Mashhur tarjimalarning ba'zilari alohida muallifning talqinini berib, kamroq ilmiy nuqtai nazardan yozilgan. Ushbu versiyalarning tanqidchilari ularning tarjimonlari matndan og'ishgan va Xitoy tafakkur tarixiga mos kelmaydi deb da'vo qiladilar.<ref>{{Jurnal manbasi|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1205252|title=''The Journal of Religion''|jstor=1205252|last=Eoyang|first1=Eugene|journal=The Journal of Religion|year=1990|volume=70|issue=3|pages=492–493|doi=10.1086/488454}}</ref> Rassell Kirkland bu versiyalar g'arbiy [[Oriyentalizm|sharq]] fantaziyalariga asoslangan va Xitoy madaniyatining mustamlakachilik tomonidan o'zlashtirilishini ifodalaydi, deb ta'kidlaydi.<ref>{{Veb manbasi|url=http://kirkland.myweb.uga.edu/rk/pdf/pubs/pres/TENN97.pdf|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070102000401/http://kirkland.myweb.uga.edu/rk/pdf/pubs/pres/TENN97.pdf|arxivsana=2 January 2007|sarlavha=The Taoism of the Western Imagination and the Taoism of China: De-Colonizing the Exotic Teachings of the East}}</ref><ref>{{Kitob manbasi|last=Russell Kirkland|title=Taoism: The Enduring Tradition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Gg0XCJcGDhYC&pg=PP1|year=2004|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-203-64671-7|page=1}}</ref> Maykl Lafarg  va Jonatan Xerman<ref>[https://www.jstor.org/stable/1466152 Review of ''Tao Te Ching: A Book about the Way and the Power of the Way'' by Ursula K. Le Guin], ''Journal of the American Academy of Religion'', 66 (1998), pp. 686–689</ref> kabi boshqa daosizm olimlari G'arbda haqiqiy ma'naviy ehtiyojni qondiradilar, deb ta'kidlaydilar. Ushbu g'arbiylashtirilgan versiyalar Tao Te Chingning hikmatini zamonaviy ingliz tilida so'zlashuvchi o'quvchilarga, odatda, ko'proq tanish bo'lgan madaniy va vaqtinchalik ma'lumotnomalardan foydalanish orqali yanada qulayroq qilishga qaratilgan.

=== Tarjimadagi qiyinchiliklar ===
''Tao Te Ching'' klassik xitoy tilida yozilgan bo'lib, u to'liq tushunish uchun bir qator qiyinchiliklarni keltirib chiqaradi. Xolms Uelch taʼkidlaganidek, yozma tilda “faol yoki passiv, birlik yoki koʻplik, holat, shaxs, zamon, kayfiyat yoʻq”.<ref>{{Harvp|Welch|1965}}</ref> Bundan tashqari, olingan matnda eski Mawangdui va Beida matnlarida saqlanib qolgan ko'plab [[Yuklama|grammatik parchalar]] yo'q, bu esa matnni yanada aniqroq qilish imkonini beradi deb hisoblaydi.<ref>{{Harvp|Henricks|1989}}</ref>

Klassik xitoy tilida tinish belgilari yo'qligi sababli, bir jumla tugashi va keyingisi qayerda boshlanishini aniq aniqlash qiyin bo'lishi mumkin. Nuqtani bir necha so‘zni oldinga yoki orqaga siljitish yoki vergul qo‘yish ko‘p bo‘laklarning ma’nosini chuqur o‘zgartirishi mumkin va bunday bo‘linish va ma’nolar tarjimon tomonidan belgilanishi kerak. Ba'zi muharrirlar va tarjimonlarning ta'kidlashicha, olingan matn shu qadar buzilgan (dastlab ipak iplar bilan bog'langan bir qatorli bambuk chiziqlarga yozilganidan boshlab), belgilar ketma-ketligini bir joydan ikkinchisiga ko'chirmasdan, ba'zi boblarni tushunish mumkin emas.

== Mashhur tarjimalar ==

* {{Citation|last=Laozi|author-link=Laozi|display-authors=0|editor-last=Julien|editor-first=Stanislas|editor-link=Stanislas Julien|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ll5TAAAAcAAJ|title=Le Livre de la Voie et de la Vertu|place=Paris|publisher=Imprimerie Royale|year=1842|ref={{harvid|Julien|1842}}|language=fr}}
* {{Citation|last=Laozi|author-link=Laozi|display-authors=0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yxFBAAAAYAAJ|editor-last=Chalmers|editor-first=John|editor-link=John Chalmers (missionary)|title=The Speculations on Metaphysics, Polity, and Morality of the "Old Philosopher" Lau-tsze|ref={{harvid|Chalmers|1868}}|year=1868|place=London, England|publisher=Trübner & Co.|isbn=9780524077887}}
* {{Citation|last=Laozi|author-link=Laozi|display-authors=0|url=https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/23974|editor-last=Legge|editor-first=James|editor-link=James Legge|title=The Tao Teh King|series=''[[Sacred Books of the East]]'', Vol. XXXIX, ''[[Sacred Books of China]]'', Vol. V|ref={{harvid|Legge & al.|1891}}|date=1891|editor2-last=Müller|editor2-first=Max|editor2-link=Max Müller|publisher=Oxford University Press|place=Oxford}}.
* {{Citation|last=Laozi|author-link=Laozi|display-authors=0|editor-last=Giles|editor-first=Lionel|editor-link=Lionel Giles|title=[[:s:The Sayings of Lao Tzu|The Sayings of Lao Tzu]]|year=1905|place=New York|publisher=E.P. Dutton & Co.|editor2=L. Cranmer-Byng|editor3=S.A. Kapadia|ref={{harvid|Giles & al.|1905}}|series=The Wisdom of the East}}
* {{Citation|last=Laozi|author-link=Laozi|display-authors=0|editor1-last=Suzuki|editor1-first=Daisetsu Teitaro|editor1-link=D.T. Suzuki|year=1913|ref={{harvid|Suzuki & al.|1913}}|url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/tao/crv/|editor2=Paul Carus|title=The Canon of Reason and Virtue: Lao-tze's Tao Teh King|publisher=Open Court|place=La Salle}}.
* {{Citation|last=Laozi|author-link=Laozi|display-authors=0|editor-last=Wieger|editor-first=Léon|editor-link=Léon Wieger|title=[[:s:fr:Les pères du système taoiste|Les Pères du Système Taoiste]]|series=''Taoïsme'', Vol. II|year=1913|publisher=Hien Hien|ref={{harvid|Wieger|1913}}|language=fr}}
* {{Citation|first1=Richard|last=Wilhelm|author-link=Richard Wilhelm (sinologist)|title=Tao Te King: das Buch vom Sinn und Leben|publisher=Diederichs|place=Jena|year=1923|language=de}}
* {{Citation|first1=J.J.L.|last=Duyvendak|author-link=J.J.L. Duyvendak|title=Tao Te Ching: The Book of the Way and Its Virtue|publisher=John Murray|year=1954}}
* {{Citation|first1=Arthur|last=Waley|author-link=Arthur Waley|title=The Way and Its Power|publisher=Grove Press|place=New York|year=1958|origyear=1934}}
* {{Citation|first1=Wing-tsit|last=Chan|author-link=Wing-tsit Chan|title=The Way of Lao Tzu: Tao-te ching|publisher=Bobbs-Merrill|place=Indianapolis|year=1963}}
* {{Citation|first1=Robert G.|last=Henricks|author-link=Robert G. Henricks|title=Lao-tzu: Te-tao ching. A New Translation Based on the Recently Discovered Ma-wang-tui Texts|publisher=Ballantine Books|place=New York, NY|year=1989|isbn=0-345-34790-0}}
* {{Citation|last=Laozi|author-link=Laozi|display-authors=0|title=Tao Te Ching: A New English Version|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=esUrAbMWAa4C|year=1988|place=New York|publisher=HarperCollins|isbn=9780061807398}}.
* {{Citation|title=Tao Te Ching|last=Lau|first1=D. C.|author-link=D. C. Lau|year=1989|publisher=Chinese University Press|place=Hong Kong|isbn=9789622014671}}
* {{Citation|last=Laozi|author-link=Laozi|display-authors=0|title=Tao Te Ching: The Classic Book of Integrity and the Way|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uE7thB_vwQQC|editor-last=Mair|editor-first=Victor H.|editor-link=Victor H. Mair|year=1990|publisher=Bantam Books|place=New York, NY|isbn=9780307434630|ref={{harvid|Mair|1990}}}}.
* {{Citation|last=Laozi|author-link=Laozi|display-authors=0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aMLE056g6MsC|title=Tao-Te-Ching|editor-last=Bryce|editor-first=Derek|editor2=Léon Wieger|publisher=Samuel Weiser|place=York Beach|year=1991|isbn=9781609254414|ref={{harvid|Bryce & al.|1991}}}}.
* Addiss, Stephen and Lombardo, Stanley (1991) ''Tao Te Ching,'' Indianapolis/Cambridge: Hackett Publishing Company.
* {{Citation|last=Laozi|author-link=Laozi|display-authors=0|editor-last=Le Guin|editor-first=Ursula K.|title=Lao Tzu: Tao Te Ching: A Book about the Way and the Power of Way|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hzw6kER9etoC|year=1998|editor-link=Ursula K. Le Guin|place=Boulder, CO|publisher=Shambhala Publications|isbn=9781611807240}}.
* Chad Hansen, ''Laozi: Tao Te Ching  on The Art of Harmony,'' Duncan Baird Publications 2009
* Sinedino, Giorgio (2015), ''Dao De Jing'' (in Portuguese), São Paulo: Editora Unesp

== Manbalar ==
<references responsive="1"></references>
== Adabiyotlar ==
{{refbegin}}
<!-- order by surname-->
* Ariel, Yoav, and Gil Raz. "Anaphors or Cataphors? A Discussion of the Two qi 其 Graphs in the First Chapter of the Daodejing." PEW 60.3 (2010): 391–421
* {{citation|first=William|last=Boltz|chapter=''Lao tzu Tao-te-ching''|editor-first=Michael|editor-last=Loewe|editor-link=Michael Loewe|display-editors=0|title=Early Chinese Texts: A Bibliographical Guide|pages=269–92|year=1993|publisher=University of California Press|location=Berkeley, CA|isbn=1-55729-043-1}}.
* {{citation|last=Chan|first=Alan|year=2013|contribution=Laozi|contribution-url=https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/laozi/|url=http://plato.stanford.edu|title=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy|location=Stanford, CA|publisher=Stanford University|editor-first=Edward N.|editor-last=Zalta|display-editors=0}}.
* Cole, Alan, "Simplicity for the Sophisticated: ReReading the Daode Jing for the Polemics of Ease and Innocence," in History of Religions, August 2006, pp.&nbsp;1–49
* Damascene, Hieromonk, Lou Shibai, and You-Shan Tang. ''Christ the Eternal Tao''. Platina, CA: Saint Herman Press, 1999.
* {{citation|last=Eliade|first=Mircea|title=A History of Religious Ideas|volume=2|translator-first=Willard R.|translator-last=Trask|location=Chicago, IL|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=1984}}
* Kaltenmark, Max. ''Lao Tzu and Taoism''. Translated by Roger Greaves. Stanford: Stanford University Press. 1969.
* Klaus, Hilmar ''Das Tao der Weisheit. Laozi-Daodejing.'' English + German introduction, 140 p. bibliogr., 3 German transl. Aachen: ''Mainz'' 2008, 548 p.
* Klaus, Hilmar ''The Tao of Wisdom. Laozi-Daodejing.'' Chinese-English-German. 2 verbatim + 2 analogous transl., 140 p. bibl., Aachen: ''Mainz'' 2009 600p.
* {{citation|last=Kohn|first=Livia|author2=Michael LaFargue|display-authors=1|ref={{harvid|Kohn & al.|1998}}|contribution=Editors' Introduction|pages=1–22|contribution-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NXdzosdR0JUC&pg=PA1|editor1-last=Kohn|editor1-first=Livia|editor2=Michael LaFargue|display-editors=0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NXdzosdR0JUC|title=Lao-tzu and the Tao-te-ching|publisher=State University of New York Press|location=Albany, NY|year=1998|isbn=9780791436004}}.
* Komjathy, Louis. ''Handbooks for Daoist Practice''. 10 vols. Hong Kong: Yuen Yuen Institute, 2008.
* {{citation|last2=Pas|first2=Julian|author-first=Michael|author-last=LaFargue|display-authors=1|ref={{harvid|LaFargue & al.|1998}}|contribution=On Translating the ''Tao-te-ching''|pages=277–302|contribution-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NXdzosdR0JUC&pg=PA277|editor-last=Kohn|editor-first=Livia|editor2=Michael LaFargue|display-editors=0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NXdzosdR0JUC|title=Lao-tzu and the Tao-te-ching|publisher=State University of New York Press|location=Albany, NY|date=1998|isbn=9780791436004}}.
* {{citation|last=Welch|first=Holmes|title=Taoism: The Parting of the Way|orig-year=1957|location=Boston, MA|publisher=Beacon Press|year=1965}}
{{refend}}

== Havolalar ==

* James Legge's translation of the Tao Te Ching at Standard Ebooks
* [http://ctext.org/dao-de-jing Daodejing Wang Bi edition with English translation], [http://ctext.org/guodian Guodian text], and [http://ctext.org/mawangdui Mawangdui text] – Chinese Text Project
* Tao Te Ching public domain audiobook at LibriVox
* [http://www.yellowbridge.com/onlinelit/daodejing.php Legge, Suzuki, and Goddard's translations side-by-side, along with the original text]
* [http://www.tao-te-king.org/ Dàodéjīng verbatim + analogous + poetic; Chinese + English + German] by Hilmar Alquiros Chinese: 老子 Lǎozǐ Chinese: 道德經

{{Turkumsiz|date=Aprel 2024}}