1st Airborne Task Force (Allied) sahifasining manbasini koʻrish

{{short description|Military unit}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{infobox military unit
|unit_name= 1st Airborne Task Force
|image=
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|dates= 11 July – 23 November 1944
|country= {{flag|United States|1912}}<br />{{flag|United Kingdom}}<br />{{flag|Canada|1921}}
|allegiance= [[Allies of World War II]]
|branch= {{army|United States}}<br />{{army|United Kingdom}}
|type= [[Airborne forces]]
|role= [[Paratrooper|Parachute infantry]]
|size= 9,000
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|battles= [[Operation Dragoon]]
|anniversaries=
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|commander1=
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|notable_commanders= [[Robert T. Frederick]]

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'''1-havodesant taktik guruhi''' (1st Airborne Task Force) — [[World War II]] yillarida [[Allies of World War II|ittifoqchilar]] tuzgan, qisqa umr koʻrgan havodesant qismi. U Fransiya janubiga bostirib kirish maqsadida oʻtkazilgan [[Operation Dragoon]] amaliyoti uchun yaratilgan edi. Qism 1944-yil iyulida general-mayor [[Robert T. Frederick]] qoʻmondonligida tashkil etildi. U 1944-yil 15-avgustdagi «Dragoon» desantida qatnashib, qoʻnish plyajlaridan shimoli-gʻarbdagi hududni egalladi. Soʻngra [[United States Seventh Army|AQSh 7-armiyasi]] tarkibida Fransiya–Italiya chegarasi tomon yurish qildi. Qism 1944-yil noyabrida tarqatib yuborildi.

==Tashkil etilishi==
Fransiyaga bostirib kirishning dastlabki rejalarida 1944-yil iyunida ikki kuchning bir vaqtda qoʻnishi koʻzda tutilgan edi: biri Normandiyada, ikkinchisi Fransiya janubida. Ular nemislarga shimol va janubdan klassik [[pincer movement|qisqich harakati]] bilan zarba berishi kerak edi. Shundan keyin janubiy kuchlar sharqqa yurib, Italiyadagi [[Allies of World War II|ittifoqchi kuchlar]]ga yordam berishi rejalashtirilgandi. Biroq ikkala amaliyotni bir vaqtda oʻtkazish uchun desant kemalari ham, askarlar ham yetarli emasligi tez orada maʼlum boʻldi. Shu bois janubiy desant («Anvil» amaliyoti) keyinga qoldirildi. Endi «Dragoon» deb atalgan janubiy desant 1944-yil avgustiga rejalashtirildi. Barcha [[airborne forces]] esa 1944-yil 11-iyulda tuzilgan yangi qismga — [[Seventh United States Army|7-armiya]] havodesant diviziyasiga (vaqtinchalik) biriktirildi. Shu oyning 21-kunida bu qismni 1-havodesant taktik guruhi deb qayta nomlashdi.{{sfnp|Warren|1955|p=91}}

1ABTFni tuzish uchun havodesant qismlari [[Italian Campaign (World War II)|Italiyadagi janglardan]] olib chiqildi. Bular [[509th Infantry Regiment (United States)|AQSh 509-parashyut-piyoda batalyoni]], [[517th Parachute Regimental Combat Team|AQSh 517-parashyut polk jangovar guruhi]] va [[2nd Parachute Brigade (United Kingdom)|Britaniya 2-alohida parashyut brigadasi]] edi. Ularga [[550th Airborne Infantry Battalion (United States)|AQSh 550-planer-piyoda batalyoni]] hamda [[551st Parachute Infantry Battalion (United States)|AQSh 551-parashyut-piyoda batalyoni]] qoʻshildi. Har ikkala batalyon ilgari Panamada joylashgan boʻlib, ular hali jangda qatnashmagan edi. Iyul oyi boshida amaliyotga ikkita [[Free French]] parashyut batalyoni ham ajratilgandi. Biroq ularni joylashtirish borasida [[Charles de Gaulle|general de Goll]] bilan kelishmovchilik chiqdi va bu qismlar berilmadi.{{sfnp|Warren|1955|p=94}} Shuning uchun amaliyotga Britaniya 2-parashyut brigadasi jalb qilindi. Bunda [[beachhead]] mustahkam egallanishi bilanoq brigada Italiyadagi jangovar harakatlarga qaytariladi, degan shart qoʻyildi.{{sfnp|Warren|1955|p=103}}

==«Dragoon» operatsiyasi==
[[File:Anvildragoon.png|thumb|300px|«Dragoon» operatsiyasidagi desant zonalarini koʻrsatuvchi xarita.]]
1ABTFning «Dragoon» operatsiyasidagi vazifasi «Rugby» operatsiyasi kodli nomini oldi. Uning askarlari [[Le Muy]] qishlogʻi atrofiga tushishi kerak edi. Bu qishloq [[Draguignan]] bilan [[Fréjus]]–[[Saint-Raphaël, Var|Saint-Raphaël]] yaqinidagi desant sohillari oraligʻida joylashgan.<ref name="HyperWar">{{cite book |url=http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USA/USA-E-Riviera/USA-E-Riviera-6.html |title=European Theater of Operations: Riviera to the Rhine |series=[[United States Army in World War II]] |first1=Jeffrey J. |last1=Clarke |first2=Robert Ross |last2=Smith |date=1992 |location=Washington, D.C. |publisher=Center of Military History, United States Army |accessdate=27 February 2011}}</ref> Jami uchta [[Drop zone|desant tashlash zonasi]] (DZ)/[[Landing zone|qoʻnish zonasi]] (LZ) belgilangan edi:
* Britaniyaning 2-parashyut brigadasiga ochiq dalalar va uzumzorlardan iborat hudud ajratildi. Bu hududni DZ/LZ «O» deb belgilashdi. U Le Muydan 400 yard (366 m) shimolda, Nartyubi daryosining shimoliy qirgʻogʻida joylashgan edi.{{sfnp|Warren|1955|p=83}} Oʻsha kuni kechroq shu yerga 550-havodesant piyoda batalyoni ham tushishi rejalashtirilgandi.{{sfnp|Warren|1955|p=103}}
* AQShning 517-PRCTiga Le Muydan taxminan ikki mil (3,2 km) gʻarbdagi tor dalalar hududi ajratildi. Bu joy Nartyubi daryosidan janubda edi va DZ/LZ «A» deb belgilandi.{{sfnp|Warren|1955|p=83}} Oʻsha kuni kechroq ularning ortidan 551-parashyut piyoda polkining 1-batalyoni yetib borishi kerak edi.{{sfnp|Warren|1955|p=103}}
* 509-PIB va 463-dala artilleriyasiga Le Muydan taxminan ikki mil (3,2 km) janubi-sharqdagi hudud ajratildi va u DZ «C» deb belgilandi. Bu hudud ikki tizma orasidagi botiqda joylashgan boʻlib, sharq va gʻarb tomonida tepaliklar bor edi. Yer tik, toshloq va oʻrmonzor edi, faqat ikki chekkasida kichik tekis va ochiq maydonlar bor edi. Bu joyni istar-istamas tanlashdi, chunki qoʻshinni Le Muy ustidan janubdan hukmronlik qiluvchi balandliklarga tushirish zarur edi.{{sfnp|Warren|1955|p=83}}

===Desant qoʻnishi===
[[File:Preparing for Operation Dragoon.jpg|thumb|300px|[[517th Parachute Regimental Combat Team|517th PRCT]] askarlari desantga tayyorgarlik koʻrmoqda.]]
[[File:AWM SUK12892 Airborne Southern France.jpg|thumb|Ittifoqchilarning havodesant hujumi chogʻida Janubiy Fransiya osmonida [[Douglas C-47 Skytrain|C47 Dakota]] samolyotlari tortib borayotgan britaniyalik planerlar.]]
Operatsiya kechasi quyuq tuman tushdi va shu sababli dastlabki desantlar keng hududga sochilib ketdi. Tong otganda taktik guruh askarlarining atigi 60% ga yaqini oʻz desant zonalarida toʻplangan edi. Soat 08:00 da Britaniya artilleriya yordamini olib kelayotgan planerlar vazifasini toʻxtatishga majbur boʻldi. Shunga qaramay, kun davomidagi keyingi qoʻnish va desant tashlashlar muvaffaqiyatliroq kechdi. Koʻplab planerlar qoʻnishda shikastlandi, ammo talafotlar umuman olganda kam boʻldi.<ref name="HyperWar"/>{{sfnp|Warren|1955|p=95}}

===Jangda===

Le Myui qishlogʻining oʻzi dushman qoʻlida qolgan boʻlsa-da,<ref name="HyperWar"/> inglizlar sharq va shimoldagi balandliklarni egalladi, amerikaliklar esa gʻarb va janubda shunday qildi. 550-batalon oʻsha kechasi Le Myuini egallashga urindi, biroq uni orqaga qaytarishdi.<ref name="rivierareporter">{{cite magazine |url=http://www.rivierareporter.com/content/view/1203/126/ |title=The Liberation of Fayence – August 1944 |first=Robert |last=Elphick |date=2009 |magazine=The Riviera Reporter |accessdate=27 February 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111018195801/http://www.rivierareporter.com/content/view/1203/126/ |archive-date=18 October 2011}}</ref> Qishloqni egallashni hisobga olmaganda, 1ABTF oʻziga yuklangan vazifani bajargan edi: u [[Argens|Argen vodiysi]] boʻylab mustahkam mavqe egallab, dushmanning desant plasdarmiga qarab yurishiga yoʻl qoʻymadi.<ref name="HyperWar"/> 16-kuni ertalab 550-batalon Le Myuiga yana hujum qildi va soat 14:45 ga borib qishloq egallandi — 500 dan 700 nafargacha asir olindi.{{sfnp|Warren|1955|p=108–109}} 17-kuni erta tongda [[36th Infantry Division (United States)|AQSh 36-diviziyasi]]ning ilgʻor qismlari plasdarmdan Le Myuiga yetib keldi, soʻng Dragininan tomon yurishini davom ettirdi.<ref name="rivierareporter"/>

«Regbi operatsiyasi»dan keyin 1ABTF shimoli-sharqqa siljidi. U Yettinchi armiyaning oʻng qanotini himoya qildi hamda [[Cannes|Kann]] va [[Nice|Nitstsa]] shaharlarini ozod etdi. Shundan soʻng qism [[Maritime Alps|Dengiz Alplari]]ga statik vazifada joylashtirildi: u yerda patrullar uyushtirdi va Fransiya — Italiya chegarasi hududidagi nemislarni sinchkovlik bilan kuzatib turdi.

2-(mustaqil) parashyut brigadasi 1944-yil 26-avgustda tarkibdan chiqarildi. Olti hafta oʻtgach, u Gretsiyaga joʻnatildi.<ref>{{cite book |title=Paras – British Airborne Forces 1940–1984 |last=Ferguson |first=Gregor |year=1987 |publisher=Osprey |isbn=978-0-85045-573-1 |page=14}}</ref> 1944-yil noyabrda 1ABTF dam olish va qayta jihozlanish uchun [[Soissons|Suasson]]ga yuborildi. Qism 1944-yil 23-noyabrda tarqatib yuborildi,<ref name="USGliderInfantryinWorldWarII">{{cite web |url=http://orbat.com/site/us2002/files/6/USGliderInfantryinWorldWarII.pdf |title=U.S. Glider Infantry in World War II |first=Richard A. |last=Rinaldi |work=Orders of Battle |accessdate=21 February 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100714043741/http://orbat.com/site/us2002/files/6/USGliderInfantryinWorldWarII.pdf |archive-date=14 July 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> boʻlinmalarning aksariyati esa [[XVIII Airborne Corps (United States)|XVIII havo-desant korpusi]] tarkibiga qoʻshildi.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.faaa.me.uk/Airborne%20Formations.htm |title=US Airborne Formations 1942–45 |work=First Allied Airborne Association |year=2010 |accessdate=21 February 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118135927/http://www.faaa.me.uk/Airborne%20Formations.htm |archive-date=18 January 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Jangovar tartib==

===Asosiy kuchlar===
1ABTF quyidagi boʻlinmalardan tashkil topgan edi:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.517prct.org/documents/airborne_invasion/airborne_invasion_history.htm |title=Airborne Invasion of Southern France – Operation Dragoon |first=Thomas R. |last=Cross |work=517th Parachute Regimental Combat Team |year=2007 |accessdate=27 February 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120315032425/http://www.517prct.org/documents/airborne_invasion/airborne_invasion_history.htm |archive-date=15 March 2012}}</ref>
[[File:Robert t Frederick.jpg|thumb|Robert T. Frederick (brigada generali sifatida)]]
* 1ABTF [[Headquarters and Headquarters Company|HHC]] – general-mayor [[Robert T. Frederick]]
* AQSh [[509th Infantry Regiment (United States)|509-parashut piyoda batalyoni]] – podpolkovnik [[William P. Yarborough]]
** 463-parashut dala artilleriyasi batalyoni – podpolkovnik John Cooper
* AQSh [[517th Parachute Regimental Combat Team|517-parashut polkining jangovar guruhi]]
** [[517th Parachute Infantry Regiment (United States)|517-parashut piyoda polki]] – polkovnik Rupert D. Graves
** [[460th Parachute Field Artillery Battalion (United States)|460-parashut dala artilleriyasi batalyoni]] – podpolkovnik Raymond L. Cato
** 596-havodesant muhandislik rotasi – kapitan Robert W. Dalrymple
* AQSh [[550th Airborne Infantry Battalion (United States)|550-havodesant piyoda batalyoni]] (planer) – podpolkovnik Edward I. Sachs
* AQSh [[551st Parachute Infantry Battalion (United States)|551-parashut piyoda batalyoni]] – podpolkovnik Wood G. Joerg
** 602-planer dala artilleriyasi batalyoni – mayor George M. Hunt
* Britaniyaning [[2nd Parachute Brigade (United Kingdom)|2-(mustaqil) parashut brigadasi]] – brigada generali Charles Hilary Vaughan Pritchard [26-avgustda ajratilgan]
** [[4th Parachute Battalion|4-parashut batalyoni]] – podpolkovnik H.B. Coxen
** [[5th (Scottish) Parachute Battalion|5-(shotland) parashut batalyoni]] – podpolkovnik D.R. Hunter
** [[6th (Royal Welch) Parachute Battalion|6-(qirollik uels) parashut batalyoni]] – podpolkovnik V.W. Barlow
** 1-mustaqil parashut vzvodi ([[Pathfinder (military)|yoʻlboshlovchilar]])<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.paradata.org.uk/units/1st-independent-parachute-platoon |title=1st Independent Parachute Platoon |work=Airborne Assault ParaData |accessdate=27 February 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725085439/http://www.paradata.org.uk/units/1st-independent-parachute-platoon |archive-date=25 July 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[1st Special Service Force]] (AQSh/Kanada) – polkovnik [[Edwin Walker|Edwin A. Walker]] [22-avgustda biriktirilgan]

===Qoʻllab-quvvatlovchi boʻlinmalar===
* 512-havodesant aloqa rotasi
* 887-havodesant muhandislik-aviatsiya rotasi
* Tankka qarshi rota, [[442nd Infantry Regiment (United States)|442-piyoda polki]]
* 552-tankka qarshi rota{{refn|group=note|The 552nd Antitank Company was formed in July 1944, in Rome, specifically for this operation. Since the 442nd became available while the 552nd was in training and took very little time to train on the [[Ordnance QF 6-pounder|British 6lb. guns]] needed for gliders, it went in first. But the 552nd was always on the complement of troops slated for this operation (and the 1st ABTF) and relieved the 442nd mid-October 1944 supporting the 1st ABTF member units still in the area.<ref>From documents in the National Archives.{{citation needed|date=August 2019}}</ref>}}
* A rotasi, [[2nd Chemical Battalion (United States)|2-kimyoviy minomyot batalyoni]]
* A rotasi, 83-kimyoviy minomyot batalyoni
* Boʻlinma, 3-qurol-aslaha rotasi
* 676-tibbiy yigʻish rotasi

===Bazani qoʻllab-quvvatlovchi boʻlinmalar===
* 3358-intendantlik yuk mashinalari rotasi
* 334-intendantlik ombori rotasi
* 172-maxsus taqsimot ombori, Britaniya ogʻir aviatsion taʼminot rotasi
* 904-aviabaza xavfsizligi batalyoni

===Havo tashish qismlari===
* Vaqtinchalik havo desant diviziyasi (Provisional Troop Carrier Air Division) – general [[Paul L. Williams (general)|Pol L. Uilyams]]
** [[50th Air Division|50-havo desant aviabrigadasi]]
** [[51st Troop Carrier Wing (World War II)|51-havo desant aviabrigadasi]]
** [[53rd Troop Carrier Wing (World War II)|53-havo desant aviabrigadasi]]
** [[Glider Pilot Regiment|Planer uchuvchilari polki]]

===Qiruvchi aviatsiya koʻmagi===
** [[31st Operations Group|31-qiruvchi aviaguruh]] (1944-yil 13-avgust ~ 1944-yil 16-avgust)

==Yana qarang==
* [[Operation Dragoon order of battle|«Dragun» operatsiyasidagi kuchlar tarkibi]]
* [[2nd Parachute Brigade in Southern France|Janubiy Fransiyadagi 2-parashutchilar brigadasi]]

==Izohlar==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==Manbalar==
{{Reflist}}

===Bibliografiya===
* {{cite book|url=http://www.afhra.af.mil/shared/media/document/AFD-090601-069.pdf |title=Airborne Missions in the Mediterranean, 1942–1945 |first=John C. |last=Warren |date=1955 |series=USAF Historical Study No. 74 |via=[[Air Force Historical Research Agency]] |accessdate=27 February 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722184121/http://www.afhra.af.mil/shared/media/document/AFD-090601-069.pdf |archive-date=22 July 2011 }}

==Qoʻshimcha adabiyotlar==
* {{cite book |url=http://517prct.org/documents/odyssey/odyssey_history.htm |last=Archer |first=Clark L. |date=1985 |title=Paratroopers Odyssey : A History of the 517th Parachute Combat Team |location=Hudson, Florida |publisher=517th Parachute Regimental Combat Team Association |isbn=0961601507}}
* {{cite book |last=Astor |first=Gerald |date=1993 |title='Battling Buzzards': The Odyssey of the 517th Parachute Regimental Combat Team 1943-1945 |location=New York |publisher=D. I. Fine |isbn=0440236932}}
* {{cite book |last=Breuer |first=William B. |date=1987 |title=Operation Dragoon: The Allied Invasion of the South of France |location=Novato, California |publisher=Presidio Press |isbn=0891413073 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/operationdragoon0000breu }}
* {{cite book |last=De Trez |first=Michel |date=1998 |title=First Airborne Task Force: Pictorial History of the Allied Paratroopers in the Invasion of Southern France |location=Wezembeek-Oppem |publisher=D-Day Publishing |isbn=2960017625}}
* {{cite book |last=Gassend |first=Jean-Loup |date=2014 |title=Operation Dragoon: Autopsy of a Battle: The Allied Liberation of the French Riviera, August-September 1944 |location=Atglen, Pennsylvania |publisher=[[Schiffer Publishing]] |isbn=978-0764345807}}

==Havolalar==
* [http://1stabtf.com/ First Airborne Task Force : The Forgotten Paratroopers]

[[Turkum:yilda tashkil etilgan harbiy qismlar va birlashmalar]]
[[Turkum:yilda tugatilgan harbiy qismlar va birlashmalar]]
[[Turkum:Ikkinchi jahon urushida AQSh Quruqlikdagi qoʻshinlari]]
[[Turkum:AQSh Quruqlikdagi qoʻshinlarining maxsus maqsadli qismlari va birlashmalari]]
[[Turkum:Ikkinchi jahon urushida Britaniya armiyasining harbiy qismlari va birlashmalari|Airborne Task Force, 1st]]
[[Turkum:Koʻpmillatli harbiy qismlar va birlashmalar]]
[[Turkum:«Dragun» operatsiyasi]]

== Manba ==
Ushbu maqola Vikipediyaning [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_Airborne_Task_Force_(Allied) en.wikipedia.org] ulanishidan avtomatik tarjima orqali olingan (CC BY-SA 4.0).