Gulaman sahifasining manbasini koʻrish

{{For|Turkiyadagi shahar|Alacakaya}}
{{Yotiq nom}}
{{Taom bilgiqutisi| name             = ''Gulaman''
| image            = JfBuffetsinthe9025PhilippinesBaliuagfvf 06.JPG
| image_size       = 220px
| caption          = 
| country          = 

| type= [[Desert]]
| served           = 
| main_ingredient  = [[Agar-agar|Agar]]

|izoh=[[Karamelli puding|leche flan]] va ''gulaman''dan tayyorlangan desert, [[Baliuag, Bulakan]]dan|milliy oshxona=[[Filippin]]|image_alt=220px|retsepti=Sovuq holda tortiladi}}

'''''Gulaman''''' filippin taomlarida quritilgan [[Agar-agar|agar]] yoki isteʼmol qilinadigan dengiz oʻtlaridan olinadigan [[karragenan]]ning baton yoki kukun shakli boʻlib, [[jele]]simon desertlar tayyorlashda ishlatiladi. Odatdagi qoʻllanishda bu atama, shuningdek, yoʻl chetidagi rastalar va sotuvchilarda sotiladigan ''sagoʻt gulaman'' (baʼzan ''[[samalamig]]'' deb ham ataladi) ichimlikka ham nisbatan ishlatiladi<ref name="Montaño">{{cite news |last1=Montaño |first1=Marco Nemesio |title=Gelatin, gulaman, 'JellyAce,' atbp. |url=https://www.philstar.com/business/science-and-environment/2004/09/16/264974/gelatin-gulaman-145jellyace146-atbp |access-date=February 10, 2021 |work=PhilStar Global |date=September 16, 2004}}</ref>.

== Tarixi ==
[[Agar-agar]] ishlab chiqaradigan ''[[Gracilaria]]'' [[Tagal tili|tagalog]] tilida va Filippinning shimoliy qismidagi boshqa tillarda {{Lang|fil|gulaman}}, {{Lang|fil|guraman}}, {{Lang|fil|gulaman dagat}} yoki {{Lang|fil|gar-garao}} nomlari bilan maʼlum<ref name="bfar">{{cite book|author = Marine Plants Section, National Fisheries Research and Development Institute |title=''Gracilaria'' species in the Philippines |publisher=Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources, Department of Agriculture, Republic of the Philippines |url=https://region8.bfar.da.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/Gracilaria.pdf |access-date=12 March 2024}}</ref><ref name="Zaneveld"/>. Uni oziq-ovqat sifatida yigʻish va ishlatish asrlar davomida davom etib kelgan, u ham xom, ham quyoshda quritilgan va jelelarga aylantirilgan holda isteʼmol qilingan. Eng qadimgi tarixiy guvohlik [[Iyezuitlar|iesuit]] ruhoniylari Xuan de Noseda va Pedro de Sanlukar tomonidan tuzilgan ''[[Vocabulario de la lengua tagala]]'' (1754) lugʻatida uchraydi, unda ''golaman'' yoki ''gulaman'' ''"una yerva, de que se haze conserva a modo de Halea, naze en la mar"'' (zamonaviy ispan imlosi: {{Lang|es|"una hierva, de que se hace conserva a modo de jalea, nace en la mar}}"; „dengizda oʻsadigan, undan murabbosimon qaynatma tayyorlanadigan oʻsimlik“) tarzida taʼriflangan boʻlib, jele bilan tayyorlanadigan taomni anglatadigan ''guinolaman'' uchun ham alohida yozuv sifatida berilgan<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Albert H. Wells |title=Possibilities of Gulaman Dagat as a Substitute for Gelatin in Food |journal=The Philippine Journal of Science |date=1916 |volume=11 |pages=267–271}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=de Noceda |first1=Juan |last2=de Sanlucar |first2=Pedro |title=Vocabulario de la lengua Tagala |date=1754 |publisher=Imprenta de la compañia de Jesus |pages=101, 215}}</ref>.

''Gulaman'' shuningdek, shunga oʻxshash jelesimon [[karragenan]] beruvchi ''[[Eucheuma]]'' turlaridan ham tayyorlanishi mumkin. ''[[Eucheuma]]'' visayan tillarida ''[[guso]]'' yoki ''tambalang'' nomlari bilan tanilgan. [[Visayanlar]] orasida jelalar tayyorlashda ''guso''dan foydalanish yanada ilk davrga oid ''Diccionario De La Lengua Bisaya, Hiligueina y Haraia de la isla de Panay y Sugbu y para las demas islas'' ({{Circa|1637}}) asarida, [[Avgustinlik|avgustin]] missioneri [[Alonso de Menrida]] {{In lang|es}} tomonidan qayd etilgan. Kitobda Menrida ''guso''ni erib ketguncha pishiriladigan, soʻngra nordon taomga aylanishi uchun qotiriladigan mahsulot sifatida tasvirlaydi<ref>{{cite book |last1=de Mentrida |first1=Alonso |title=Diccionario De La Lengua Bisaya, Hiligueina Y Haraya de la isla de Panay |date=1841 |publisher=En La Imprenta De D. Manuel Y De D. Felis Dayot |page=380}}</ref>.

== Tavsif ==
[[File:05269jfFoods of Bulacan Philippinesfvf 22.jpg|thumb|Plastik stakanlarda sotiladigan turli xil lazzat berilgan ''gulaman'' turlari]]
''Gulaman'' hozirda [[Agar-agar|agar]]ning filippin oshxonasidagi asosiy qoʻllanilishidir. U qayta ishlangan ''[[Gracilaria]]'' dengiz oʻtidan tayyorlanadi (Filippinda tabiiy ravishda taxminan 18 turi uchraydi)<ref name="bfar"/><ref name="Medicinal">{{cite web | url = http://www.stuartxchange.org/Gulaman.html | title = Gulaman | work = Philippine Medicinal Plants | access-date = July 7, 2008}}</ref> yoki ilk bor Filippinda tijoriy yoʻl bilan yetishtirilgan ''[[Eucheuma]]'' va ''[[Kappaphycus alvarezii]]'' singari boshqa fermer xoʻjaliklarida yetishtiriladigan dengiz oʻtlari turlaridan olinadigan [[karragenan]]dan tayyorlanadi<ref name="Montaño"/><ref name="Buschmann">{{cite journal |last1=Buschmann |first1=Alejandro H. |last2=Camus |first2=Carolina |last3=Infante |first3=Javier |last4=Neori |first4=Amir |last5=Israel |first5=Álvaro |last6=Hernández-González |first6=María C. |last7=Pereda |first7=Sandra V. |last8=Gomez-Pinchetti |first8=Juan Luis |last9=Golberg |first9=Alexander |last10=Tadmor-Shalev |first10=Niva |last11=Critchley |first11=Alan T. |title=Seaweed production: overview of the global state of exploitation, farming and emerging research activity |journal=European Journal of Phycology |date=October 2, 2017 |volume=52 |issue=4 |pages=391–406 |doi=10.1080/09670262.2017.1365175 |bibcode=2017EJPhy..52..391B |s2cid=53640917 |language=en |issn=0967-0262}}</ref><ref name="PEMSEA">{{cite book |title=Impact Investment for a Business Venture for Community-Based Seaweed Farming in Northern Palawan, Philippines |date=2017 |publisher=Blue Economy Impact Investment East Asia & Partnerships in Environmental Management for the Seas of East Asia |url=http://seaknowledgebank.net/sites/default/files/Business%20Concept%20Community-based%20Seaweed%20Farming%20Philippines%20-%20FINAL_0.pdf |access-date=February 8, 2021}}</ref><ref name="Habito">{{cite news |last1=Habito |first1=Cielito F. |title=Sustaining seaweeds |url=https://opinion.inquirer.net/16365/sustaining-seaweeds |access-date=February 8, 2021 |newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer |date=November 1, 2011}}</ref>. ''Gracilaria'' va ''Eucheuma''dan tashqari, anʼanaviy ravishda boshqa bir qancha isteʼmol qilinadigan dengiz oʻtlari turlaridan ham tayyorlangan. Bular qatoriga ''[[Betaphycus gelatinus]]'', ''[[Gracilariopsis longissima]]'', ''[[Gelidiella acerosa]]'' va ''[[Agardhiella (alga)|Agardhiella]]'' jinsiga mansub turlar kiradi<ref name="Zaneveld">{{cite journal |last1=Zaneveld |first1=Jacques S. |title=The Utilization of Marine Algae in Tropical South and East Asia |journal=Economic Botany |date=1959 |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=89–131 |doi=10.1007/BF02859244 |jstor=4288011 |bibcode=1959EcBot..13...89Z |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4288011|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name="Dumilag">{{cite journal |last1=Dumilag |first1=Richard V. |last2=Belgica |first2=Teresa Haide R. |last3=Mendoza |first3=Lynn C. |last4=Hibay |first4=Janet M. |last5=Arevalo |first5=Abel E. |last6=Malto |first6=Mark Ariel D. |last7=Orgela |first7=Elden G. |last8=Longavela |first8=Mabille R. |last9=Corral |first9=Laurence Elmer H. |last10=Olipany |first10=Ruby D. |last11=Ruiz |first11=Caesar Franz C. |last12=Mintu |first12=Cynthia B. |last13=Laza |first13=Benilda O. |last14=Pablo |first14=Mae H. San |last15=Bailon |first15=Jinky D. |last16=Berdin |first16=Leny D. |last17=Calaminos |first17=Franklin P. |last18=Gregory |first18=Sheryll A. |last19=Omoto |first19=Annie T. |last20=Chua |first20=Vivien L. |last21=Liao |first21=Lawrence M. |title=Seaweed ethnobotany of eastern Sorsogon, Philippines |journal=Algae |date=15 September 2022 |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=227–237 |doi=10.4490/algae.2022.37.8.16 |bibcode=2022Algae..37..227D |doi-access=free }}</ref>.

U odatda suvsizlantirilgan va fut uzunligidagi quruq batonchalar koʻrinishida sotiladi, ular oddiy yoki rangli boʻladi<ref name="Lafang">{{cite web | url = http://lafang.mikemina.com/index.php/2006/07/13/gulaman-at-sago-agar-agar-and-tapioca-pearls/ | title = Gulaman at Sago (Agar-Agar and Tapioca Pearls) | work = Lafang: a Pinoy food blog | date = July 13, 2006 | access-date = July 7, 2008 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080618034150/http://lafang.mikemina.com/index.php/2006/07/13/gulaman-at-sago-agar-agar-and-tapioca-pearls/ | archive-date = June 18, 2008 | url-status = dead }}</ref>. Shuningdek, kukun shaklida ham mavjud<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.shireli-mfg.com/zang|title=ZANG Gulaman|website=shireli}}</ref>.

== Qoʻllanishi ==
''Gulaman'' batonchalari ''[[sago at gulaman]]'', ''[[buko pandan]]'', agar flan, ''[[Halo-halo|halo-halo]]'', ''meva kokteyli jelesi, filippincha meva salatlarining turli koʻrinishlari, qora ''gulaman'' va qizil ''gulaman'' kabi turli filippin ichimlik va desertlarida ishlatiladi.

== Jelatindan farqlari ==
[[Jelatina]] („jele“) va ''gulaman'' atamalari [[Filippin]]da sinonim sifatida qoʻllanadi, biroq ular juda turlicha mahsulotlardir. Jelatina hayvonlardan olinadigan [[Proteinlar|oqsil]] boʻlsa, ''gulaman'' dengiz oʻtlaridan tayyorlanadigan oʻsimlik kelib chiqishli [[Uglevodlar|uglevod]]dir<ref name="food">{{cite journal |date=December 2006 – January 2007 |title= Things you need to know about gelatine |journal= Food Magazine-Philippines |pages= 99 }}</ref>. Shu sababli jelatina isteʼmolini taqiqlovchi diniy yoki ovqatlanish cheklovlariga ega shaxslar, masalan [[Musulmon|musulmonlar]] yoki [[veganlar]] uchun ''gulaman'' mos hisoblanadi.

Jelatina issiq suvda eriydi, ''gulaman''ni eritish uchun esa qaynab turgan suv kerak boʻladi. Sovuq haroratda qotadigan jelatinadan farqli oʻlaroq, ''gulaman'' xonaki haroratda ham qotadi. Jelatina xonaki haroratda erib ketishi mumkin boʻlsa, ''gulaman'' oʻziga xos tarzda termik jihatdan qayta tiklanish xususiyatiga ega boʻlib<ref name="food"/>, avvalgi shakli va holatiga qayta oladi.

== Yana qarang ==
* [[Filippin desertlari roʻyxati]]
* ''[[Chondrus crispus]]''
* [[Kaong]]
* [[Nata de coco]]
* [[Sago]]

== Manbalar ==
{{manbalar}}
[[Turkum:Filippin desertlari]]
[[Turkum:Isteʼmol qilinadigan quyuqlashtiruvchi moddalar]]
[[Turkum:Dengiz oʻtidan olinadigan ozuqaviy ingredientlar]]
[[Turkum:Vegan taomlari]]
[[Turkum:Filippin vegetarian taomlari]]