Kiberqurol sahifasining manbasini koʻrish

[[Fayl:SpOC Commander speaks at AFCEA Rocky Mountain Cyberspace Symposium 2022 (3).jpg|thumb|SpOC qo'mondoni AFCEA Rocky Mountain Cyberspace Simpozium 2022 da nutq so'zlamoqda]]

'''Kiberqurol''' — odatda [[kiberhujum]]ning bir turi sifatida harbiy razvedka maqsadlarida foydalaniladigan zararli dastur sifatida taʼriflanadi. Ushbu turdagi qurollar qatoriga [[Kompyuter virusi|kompyuter viruslari]], [[Troya oti (kompyuter virusi)|troyan dasturlari]], [[Josuslik dasturi (Spyware)|josuslik dasturlari]] va [[Kompyuter qurti|qurtlar]] kabi zararli dasturlar kiradi. Ular mavjud dasturiy taʼminotga zararli kod-algoritmini kiritishi mumkin. Bu esa kompyuterni operator tomonidan buyurilmagan harakatlar yoki jarayonlarni bajarishiga olib keladi.

== Xususiyatlari ==
''Kiberqurol'', odatda, davlat yoki [[Nodavlat sektori|nodavlat tashkilotlari]] tomonidan [[homiylik]] qilinish asosida foydalaniladi. Aks taʼsir natijasida josuslik yoki kuch ishlatishni talab qiluvchi maqsadlarga xizmat qiladi mavjud tizimga qarshi qoʻllanadi. ''Kiberqurol'' odatda askar yoki aygʻoqchi tomonidan qilinishini talab qiluvchi harakatlarni amalga oshiradi. Tinchlik davrida homiy inson resursi tomonidan toʻgʻridan-toʻgʻri foydalansa, noqonuniy yoki harbiy harakatlar paytida ushbu qurol turidan foydalanadi. [[Huquqiy masalalar]] nishonning shaxsiy hayoti va kiberhujumni qabul qilib oluvchi mamlakat suvereniteti buzilishni oʻz ichiga oladi<ref>{{jurnal manbasi|last=Downes|first1=Cathy|date=2018|title=Strategic Blind–Spots on Cyber Threats, Vectors and Campaigns|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26427378|journal=The Cyber Defense Review|volume=3|issue=1|pages=79–104|jstor=26427378|issn=2474-2120}}</ref>. Bunday harakatlarga misol sifatida yashirish kuzatuv, [[ma'lumotlarni o'g'irlash]] va elektron yoki jismoniy yoʻq qilish kabilar kirishi mumkin. ''Kiberqurol,'' deyarli, maqsadli guruhga toʻgʻridan-toʻgʻri yoki bilvosita moliyaviy zarar keltirsa-da, homiyning bevosita moliyaviy daromadlari ushbu agent sinfining asosiy maqsadi hisoblanmaydi. Koʻpincha, kiberqurollar, dasturiy taʼminot boʻlishiga qaramay, u hujum qiladigan tizimga jismoniy yoki funksional zarar yetkazish bilan bogʻliq<ref>{{jurnal manbasi|last=Stevens|first1=Tim|date=2017-01-10|title=Cyberweapons: an emerging global governance architecture|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/palcomms2016102|journal=Palgrave Communications|language=en|volume=3|issue=1|pages=1–6|doi=10.1057/palcomms.2016.102|issn=2055-1045}}</ref>. Biroq, rasmiy ravishda kiberqurol nimadan iborat ekanligi borasida konsensus mavjud emas.

[[Botnet]]larni tashkil qilish uchun bolalar [[Skript|skriptlar]]i tomonidan qoʻllanadigan zararli dasturlardan farqli oʻlaroq, hujum qilingan mashinalarning egaligi, jismoniy joylashuvi va normal roli koʻp jihatdan ahamiyatsiz boʻlib, kiberqurollar ikkala foydalanish [[ekspluatatsiya]]da tanlangan. Hujum qilishdan oldin, kiberqurol, odatda turli usullar bilan nishonni aniqlaydi<ref>{{Veb manbasi|sarlavha=Cyber Weapon Target Analysis|url=http://www.bod.fi|sana=2014-05-26}}</ref>. Xuddi shunday, shaxsiy yoki moliyaviy maʼlumotlarni oʻgʻirlash uchun [[Tovlamachilik|firibgarlar]] tomonidan qoʻllanadigan zararli dasturlar pastroq tanlanganlik va kengroq tarqalishni namoyish etadi.

Kiberqurollar koʻp sabablarga koʻra xavfli hisoblanadi. Jismoniy tarkibiy qismlarning yetishmasligi tufayli ularni kuzatish yoki himoya qilish odatda qiyin boʻladi<ref>{{jurnal manbasi|last=Stevens|first1=Tim|date=2017-01-10|title=Cyberweapons: an emerging global governance architecture|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/palcomms2016102|journal=Palgrave Communications|language=en|volume=3|issue=1|pages=1–6|doi=10.1057/palcomms.2016.102|issn=2055-1045}}</ref>. Ularning anonimligi ularga hujum sodir boʻlgunga qadar aniqlanmagan tizimlarda yashirinish imkonini beradi<ref>{{Yangiliklar manbasi |last=Tepperman |first=Jonathan |date=2021-02-09 |title=The Most Serious Security Risk Facing the United States |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/02/09/books/review/this-is-how-they-tell-me-the-world-ends-nicole-perlroth.html |access-date=2022-05-05 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>. Ushbu hujumlarning aksariyati „Zero-day“(kompaniyalar dasturiy taʼminotdagi zaifliklarni tuzatishi uchun nol kun vaqti bor) dan foydalanadi. Bundan tashqari, ulardan himoya qilish uchun kiber himoya vositalaridan koʻra ishlab chiqarish ancha arzon. Koʻpincha bir kuchdan kiberqurollar qarama-qarshi kuchlar tomonidan olinadi va keyinchalik [[WannaCry]]<ref>{{Yangiliklar manbasi |last=Nakashima |first=Ellen |last2=Timberg |first2=Craig |date=2017-05-16 |title=NSA officials worried about the day its potent hacking tool would get loose. Then it did. |work=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/technology/nsa-officials-worried-about-the-day-its-potent-hacking-tool-would-get-loose-then-it-did/2017/05/16/50670b16-3978-11e7-a058-ddbb23c75d82_story.html |access-date=2022-05-09}}</ref> va [[Petya va NotPetya|NotPetya]] kiberqurollarida koʻrinib turganidek, asl kuchga qarshi foydalanish uchun qayta yoʻnaltiriladi<ref>{{Veb manbasi|muallif=Brandom|ism=Russell|sana=2017-06-27|sarlavha=A new ransomware attack is hitting airlines, banks and utilities across Europe|url=https://www.theverge.com/2017/6/27/15879480/petrwrap-virus-ukraine-ransomware-attack-europe-wannacry|kirish sanasi=2022-05-09|ish=The Verge|til=en}}</ref>.

Matbuotda ''kiberqurol'' atamasi tez-tez ishlatilsa-da<ref>{{Veb manbasi|url=http://news.discovery.com/tech/flame-cyberweapon-120530.html|sarlavha=Powerful 'Flame' Cyberweapon Torching Mideast Computers : Discovery News|nashriyot=News.discovery.com|sana=2012-05-30|kirish sanasi=2012-12-07|arxivsana=2012-06-01|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120601193543/http://news.discovery.com/tech/flame-cyberweapon-120530.html}}</ref><ref>{{Veb manbasi|url=http://www.infosecurity-magazine.com/view/29704/-2012-the-year-malware-went-nuclear/|sarlavha=Infosecurity – 2012: The Year Malware Went Nuclear|sana=5 December 2012|nashriyot=Infosecurity-magazine.com|kirish sanasi=2012-12-07}}</ref>, baʼzi maqolalarda soʻzdan qochish, oʻrniga „internet quroli“, „hack“ yoki „virus“ kabi atamalar qoʻllanadi<ref>{{Veb manbasi|muallif=Perlroth|ism=Nicole|url=http://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/05/28/new-computer-virus-looks-like-a-cyberweapon/|sarlavha=Virus Infects Computers Across Middle East - NYTimes.com|nashriyot=Bits.blogs.nytimes.com|sana=2012-05-28|kirish sanasi=2012-12-07}}</ref>. Asosiy tadqiqotchilar ushbu atamaning talablari haqida bahslashadilar, shu bilan birga agentning „qurol“ sifatida ishlanishiga ishora qiladilar<ref>{{Veb manbasi|url=http://www.infosecurity-magazine.com/view/27869/kaspersky-looks-at-the-wreckage-of-wiper-malware|sarlavha=Infosecurity – Kaspersky looks at the wreckage of Wiper malware|nashriyot=Infosecurity-magazine.com|sana=2012-08-29|kirish sanasi=2012-12-07}}</ref>. Ayniqsa dasturiy taʼminotni ishlab chiqish hamjamiyati bu atamani kamdan-kam ishlatadi.

== Misollar ==
Quyidagi zararli dastur agentlari odatda yuqoridagi mezonlarga javob beradi. Sanoat xavfsizligi boʻyicha mutaxassislar tomonidan rasmiy ravishda, shu tarzda havola qilingan yoki hukumat yoki harbiy bayonotlarda shunday tasvirlangan:

* [[Duqu]]
* [[Flame (zararli dastur)]]
* [[Buyuk Cannon]]
* [[Mirai (zararli dastur)]]
* [[Stuxnet]]
* [[Wiper (zararli dastur)|Oʻchirish vositasi (zararli dastur)]]

== Tarixi ==
[[Stuxnet]] birinchi va eng nufuzli kiberqurollardan biri edi<ref>{{jurnal manbasi|last=Stevens|first1=Tim|date=2017-01-10|title=Cyberweapons: an emerging global governance architecture|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/palcomms2016102|journal=Palgrave Communications|language=en|volume=3|issue=1|pages=1–6|doi=10.1057/palcomms.2016.102|issn=2055-1045}}</ref><ref>{{jurnal manbasi|last=Farwell|first1=James  P.|last2=Rohozinski|first2=Rafal|date=2012-09-01|title=The New Reality of Cyber War|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/00396338.2012.709391|journal=Survival|volume=54|issue=4|pages=107–120|doi=10.1080/00396338.2012.709391|issn=0039-6338}}</ref>. 2010-yilda AQSh va Isroil tomonidan Eron yadroviy inshootlariga hujum qilish uchun boshlangan<ref name=":82">{{jurnal manbasi|last=Farwell|first1=James  P.|last2=Rohozinski|first2=Rafal|date=2011-02-01|title=Stuxnet and the Future of Cyber War|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/00396338.2011.555586|journal=Survival|volume=53|issue=1|pages=23–40|doi=10.1080/00396338.2011.555586|issn=0039-6338}}</ref>. Stuxnet birinchi yirik kiberqurol hisoblanadi. Stuxnet shuningdek, birinchi marta bir millat boshqa davlatga hujum qilish uchun kiberquroldan foydalangan<ref name=":92">{{Citation|last=Dooley|first1=John F.|title=Cyber Weapons and Cyber Warfare|date=2018|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-90443-6_13|journal=History of Cryptography and Cryptanalysis: Codes, Ciphers, and Their Algorithms|pages=213–239|editor-last=Dooley|editor-first=John F.|place=Cham|publisher=Springer International Publishing|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-90443-6_13|isbn=978-3-319-90443-6|access-date=2022-05-05}}</ref>. Stuxnet hujumlaridan keyin Eron Amerikaning eng yirik moliyaviy institutlarini, jumladan Nyu-York fond birjasini nishonga olish uchun kiberquroldan foydalangan<ref>{{Veb manbasi|sana=2019-07-18|sarlavha=How Cyber Weapons Are Changing the Landscape of Modern Warfare|url=https://www.newyorker.com/tech/annals-of-technology/how-cyber-weapons-are-changing-the-landscape-of-modern-warfare|kirish sanasi=2022-05-05|ish=The New Yorker|til=en-US}}</ref>.

Keyinchalik Stuxnetdan keyin 2011-yilda [[Duqu]] va 2012-yilda Flame paydo boʻladi<ref name=":32">{{jurnal manbasi|last=Farwell|first1=James  P.|last2=Rohozinski|first2=Rafal|date=2012-09-01|title=The New Reality of Cyber War|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/00396338.2012.709391|journal=Survival|volume=54|issue=4|pages=107–120|doi=10.1080/00396338.2012.709391|issn=0039-6338}}</ref>. Flamening murakkabligi oʻsha paytda tengsiz edi<ref name=":0">{{jurnal manbasi|last=Downes|first1=Cathy|date=2018|title=Strategic Blind–Spots on Cyber Threats, Vectors and Campaigns|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26427378|journal=The Cyber Defense Review|volume=3|issue=1|pages=79–104|jstor=26427378|issn=2474-2120}}</ref>. U tarqatish uchun [[Microsoft Windows]] tizimidagi zaifliklardan foydalangan<ref>{{Veb manbasi|sarlavha=Cyber Weapon Target Analysis|url=http://www.bod.fi|sana=2014-05-26}}</ref>. Dastur, xususan, Eron neft terminallarini nishonga oladi<ref>{{Veb manbasi|url=http://news.discovery.com/tech/flame-cyberweapon-120530.html|sarlavha=Powerful 'Flame' Cyberweapon Torching Mideast Computers : Discovery News|nashriyot=News.discovery.com|sana=2012-05-30|kirish sanasi=2012-12-07|arxivsana=2012-06-01|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120601193543/http://news.discovery.com/tech/flame-cyberweapon-120530.html}}</ref>.

2017-yilda maʼlumotlar buzilishi davlat idoralari tomonidan qoʻllanadigan xavfsiz xakerlik vositalari uchinchi shaxslar tomonidan olinishi va baʼzan fosh etilishi mumkinligini koʻrsatsdi. Bundan tashqari, maʼlum qilinishicha, bunday vositalar ustidan nazoratni yoʻqotib boʻlgach, hukumat „foydalanishlarni firibgarlar, jinoyatchilar yoki boshqa har qanday maqsadda qayta ishlatish uchun ochiq qoldiradi“<ref name="mb1">{{Veb manbasi|muallif=Cox|ism=Joseph|sarlavha=Your Government's Hacking Tools Are Not Safe|url=https://motherboard.vice.com/en_us/article/your-governments-hacking-tools-are-not-safe|nashriyot=Motherboard|kirish sanasi=15 April 2017|til=en-us|qaralgan sana=2022-06-16|arxivsana=2017-05-17|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517024857/https://motherboard.vice.com/en_us/article/your-governments-hacking-tools-are-not-safe}}</ref>. Claudio Guarnieri, [[Xalqaro Amnistiya tashkiloti]] texnologi: ''"Oxirgi oylardagi oshkor qilish va sizib chiqishlardan bilib olganimiz shundan iboratki, nomaʼlum zaifliklar aniq yoʻqolganidan keyin ham sir saqlanadi va bu mas’uliyatsizlik va qabul qilib boʻlmas narsa''"<ref name="mb1" />.

Shuningdek, oʻsha yili [[WikiLeaks]] Markaziy razvedka boshqarmasi ekspluatatsiyasi va vositalarining tafsilotlarini oʻz ichiga olgan bir qator [[Vault 7]] hujjatlarini eʼlon qiladu. [[Julian Assange]] nashrdan oldin ularni „qurolsizlantirish“ ustida ishlayotganini aytadi<ref>{{Veb manbasi|muallif=Fox-Brewster|ism=Thomas|sarlavha=Julian Assange: Wikileaks May Have Evidence CIA Spied On US Citizens|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/thomasbrewster/2017/03/09/julian-assange-cia-spying-american-citizens-apple-google-help/|ish=Forbes|kirish sanasi=15 April 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Veb manbasi|sarlavha=WikiLeaks vows to disclose CIA hacking tools; CIA to investigate|url=http://searchsecurity.techtarget.com/news/450414675/WikiLeaks-discloses-CIA-hacking-tools-CIA-to-investigate|ish=SearchSecurity|kirish sanasi=15 April 2017}}</ref>. Kiberjinoyatchilarni qurolsizlantirish tegishli dasturiy taʼminot sotuvchilari bilan ularning mahsulotlaridagi zaifliklar toʻgʻrisidagi maʼlumotlar, shuningdek, yamoqlarni avtonom ishlab chiqish ([[Ochiq manbali dastur|ochiq kodli dasturiy taʼminot]] uchun) boʻyicha potentsial yordam bilan bogʻlanish shaklida amalga oshirilishi mumkin. Uchinchi shaxslar tomonidan xakerlik vositalaridan foydalanish, ayniqsa, Qoʻshma Shtatlar Milliy Xavfsizlik Agentligiga (NSA) taʼsir koʻrsatadi. 2016-yilda NSA xakerlik vositalari haqidagi maʼlumot Xitoyning ATP3 xakerlik guruhi tomonidan qoʻlga kiritiladi. Bu ularga asbobning oʻz versiyasini teskari muhandislik qilish imkonini beradi. Keyinchalik Amerika Qoʻshma Shtatlari nishonga olinmagan boʻlsa-da, u Yevropa va Osiyo mamlakatlariga qarshi ishlatilgan<ref name=":102">{{Yangiliklar manbasi |last=Perlroth |first=Nicole |last2=Sanger |first2=David E. |last3=Shane |first3=Scott |date=2019-05-06 |title=How Chinese Spies Got the N.S.A.’s Hacking Tools, and Used Them for Attacks |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/06/us/politics/china-hacking-cyber.html |access-date=2022-05-05 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name=":02">{{Veb manbasi|muallif=Doffman|ism=Zak|sarlavha=China Set Traps To Capture Dangerous NSA Cyberattack Weapons: New Report|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/zakdoffman/2019/09/05/secret-chinese-hacking-group-set-traps-to-steal-nsa-cyberattack-tools-new-report/|kirish sanasi=2022-05-05|ish=Forbes|til=en}}</ref>. Oʻsha yilning oxirida „[[Shadow Brokers]]“ deb nomlangan anonim guruh NSA vositalarini Internetga sizdirib yuboradi<ref name=":02" /><ref name=":112">{{Veb manbasi|muallif=Pagliery|ism=Jose|sana=2016-08-15|sarlavha=Hacker claims to be selling stolen NSA spy tools|url=https://money.cnn.com/2016/08/15/technology/nsa-spy-tools-stolen/index.html|kirish sanasi=2022-05-05|ish=CNNMoney|qaralgan sana=2022-06-16|arxivsana=2022-05-05|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220505143623/https://money.cnn.com/2016/08/15/technology/nsa-spy-tools-stolen/index.html}}</ref>. Ushbu ikki guruhning bir-biriga aloqadorligi maʼlum emas va ATP3 Shadow Brokers guruhidan kamida bir yil oldin asboblarga kirish huquqiga egalikni qoʻlga kiritadi<ref name=":02" />. Sizdirilgan vositalar NSA bilan ishlaydigan Equation Group kiberurush guruhi tomonidan ishlab chiqilgan edi<ref name=":02" />.

[[Shadow Brokers]] tomonidan aniqlangan vositalar orasida [[NSA]] tomonidan [[Microsoft Windows]]-dagi xatolardan foydalanish uchun foydalanilgan [[EternalBlue]] ham boʻlgan<ref>{{Yangiliklar manbasi |last=Nakashima |first=Ellen |last2=Timberg |first2=Craig |date=2017-05-16 |title=NSA officials worried about the day its potent hacking tool would get loose. Then it did. |work=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/technology/nsa-officials-worried-about-the-day-its-potent-hacking-tool-would-get-loose-then-it-did/2017/05/16/50670b16-3978-11e7-a058-ddbb23c75d82_story.html |access-date=2022-05-09}}</ref>. Bu Microsoft kompaniyasini asbobdan himoyalanish uchun yangilanishlarni chiqarishga undaydi<ref name=":3">{{Veb manbasi|url=http://www.infosecurity-magazine.com/view/29704/-2012-the-year-malware-went-nuclear/|sarlavha=Infosecurity – 2012: The Year Malware Went Nuclear|sana=5 December 2012|nashriyot=Infosecurity-magazine.com|kirish sanasi=2012-12-07}}</ref>. Shadow Brokers EternalBlue asbobini ommaviy ravishda chiqarganida, undan [[Shimoliy Koreya]] va [[Rossiya]] [[Haker|xakerlari]] tezda foydalanadilar va uni mos ravishda [[WannaCry]] va NotPetya<ref>{{Veb manbasi|muallif=Brandom|ism=Russell|sana=2017-06-27|sarlavha=A new ransomware attack is hitting airlines, banks and utilities across Europe|url=https://www.theverge.com/2017/6/27/15879480/petrwrap-virus-ukraine-ransomware-attack-europe-wannacry|kirish sanasi=2022-05-09|ish=The Verge|til=en}}</ref> [[Jasuslik dasturi (ransomware)|ransomware]] dasturiga aylantiradilar. Dastlab, [[Ukraina|Ukrainada]] ishga tushirilgan, lekin, keyinchalik butun dunyo boʻylab tarqalgan NotPetya qattiq disklarni shifrlaydi va foydalanuvchilarni hech qachon maʼlumotlarni qaytarmasa ham, oʻz maʼlumotlari uchun toʻlov toʻlashga majbur qiladi<ref>{{Veb manbasi|muallif=Perlroth|ism=Nicole|url=http://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/05/28/new-computer-virus-looks-like-a-cyberweapon/|sarlavha=Virus Infects Computers Across Middle East - NYTimes.com|nashriyot=Bits.blogs.nytimes.com|sana=2012-05-28|kirish sanasi=2012-12-07}}</ref>.

2018-yil sentabr oyida Qoʻshma Shtatlar Mudofaa vazirligi mamlakat milliy manfaatlari uchun kiberquroldan foydalanishini rasman tasdiqlaydi<ref>{{Veb manbasi|sana=2019-07-18|sarlavha=How Cyber Weapons Are Changing the Landscape of Modern Warfare|url=https://www.newyorker.com/tech/annals-of-technology/how-cyber-weapons-are-changing-the-landscape-of-modern-warfare|kirish sanasi=2022-05-05|ish=The New Yorker|til=en-US}}</ref>.

== Potensial qoidalar ==
Kiberqurolni toʻliq tartibga solish imkonsiz boʻlsa-da, tartibga solishning mumkin boʻlgan, ehtimoliy tizimlari taklif qilingan<ref>{{jurnal manbasi|last=Stevens|first1=Tim|date=2017-01-10|title=Cyberweapons: an emerging global governance architecture|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/palcomms2016102|journal=Palgrave Communications|language=en|volume=3|issue=1|pages=1–6|doi=10.1057/palcomms.2016.102|issn=2055-1045}}</ref>. Biror bir tizimda kiber qurollar davlat tomonidan qoʻllanilmasa, mamlakatning jinoyat qonunchiligiga, davlat tomonidan qoʻllanilganda esa xalqaro urush qonunlariga boʻysunadi. Taklif etilayotgan tizimlarning aksariyati kiberquroldan notoʻgʻri foydalanishni toʻxtatish uchun xalqaro huquq va qonunlarga tayanadi. Qurollarning zamonaviyligini inobatga olgan va ilgari mavjud boʻlgan kiberqurollarni hisobga olgan holda, ishlab chiqilmagan qonunlar ularga qanday tatbiq etilishi haqida ham muhokama qilingan.

== Yana qarang ==

* [[Kiberqurol sanoati]]
* [[Kiberhujum]]
* [[Kiberurush]]
* [[Exploit (kompyuter xavfsizligi)]]
* [[Kiber urush kuchlari ro'yxati]]
* [[Proaktiv kibermudofaa]]
* [[Zero-day]]

== Manbalar ==
{{Manbalar}}

== Havolalar ==

* Prashant Mali, Yanvar, 2018-yil, [https://www.igi-global.com/article/defining-cyber-weapon-in-context-of-technology-and-law/198318 Defining Cyber Weapon in Context of Technology and Law] {{Webarxiv|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220623064814/http://www.igi-global.com/article/defining-cyber-weapon-in-context-of-technology-and-law/198318 |date=2022-06-23 }}
* Stefano Mele, Iyun, 2013-uil, [https://web.archive.org/web/20161203170642/http://stefanomele.it/publications/dettaglio.asp?id=374 Cyber-Weapons: Legal and Strategic Aspects (version 2.0)]
* Stefano Mele, 30-sentabr 2010-yil, [https://web.archive.org/web/20110323001651/http://www.stefanomele.it/publications/dettaglio.asp?id=185 Cyberwarfare and its damaging effects on citizens]
* Michael Riley and [[:en:Ashlee_Vance|Ashlee Vance]], 20-iyul, 2011-yil, [https://www.bloomberg.com/bw/magazine/cyber-weapons-the-new-arms-race-07212011.html Cyber Weapons: The New Arms Race]
[[Turkum:Qurollar]]
[[Turkum:Zararli dasturlar]]
[[Turkum:Kiberjinoyatchilik]]