Loving v. Virginia sahifasining manbasini koʻrish

[[Fayl:US_miscegenation.svg|thumb|AQSh shtatlarida missegeneratsiyaga qarshi qonunlarning bekor qilingan yillari oralig'i.(Kulrang — bunday qonunlar qabul qilinmagan, yashil — 1780-1887, sariq — 1948-1967, qizil — 1967-yil, 12-iyundagi ''Loving'' qaroridan so'ng.)]]
[[Fayl:Earl_Warren.jpg|right|thumb| [[Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Bosh sudyasi|Bosh sudya]] [[Erl Uorren|Earl Warren]], "''Loving v.'' ''Virginiya"'' ishi bo'yicha Oliy sudning oshkora fikri muallifi]]
[[Fayl:Graves_of_Mildred_and_Richard_Loving.jpg|thumb| Avliyo Stefan Baptist cherkovi qabristonidagi Lovinglarning qabrlari, Central Point, Virjiniya]]
'''''Loving v.''''' '''''Virginiya (Loving Virjiniyaga qarshi)''''', 388 U.S. 1 (1967) [[Amerika Qoʻshma Shtatlari Oliy sudi|AQSH Oliy sudining]] [[Inson huquqlari|fuqarolik huquqlari]] bo'yicha muhim qarori bo'lib, unda Sud irqlararo nikohni taqiqlovchi qonunlar [[AQSH Konstitutsiyasiga O'n to'rtinchi o'zgartirish|AQSH Konstitutsiyasiga kiritilgan O'n to'rtinchi o'zgartirishda]] belgilangan Teng himoya va Tegishli huquqiy protseduralarni buzadi, degan qarorga keldi{{Sfnp|Nowak|Rotunda|2012}}. Ushbu qaror 2013-yildan boshlab, AQSH federal sudlarining AQSHda bir jinsli nikohlarga cheklovlarni konstitutsiyaga zid deb hisoblagan qarorlarida, jumladan, 2015-yildagi Oliy sudning ''[[Obergefell v. Hodges]]'' qarorida ham pretsedent sifatida ishlatildi. 

Ish rangli irq vakili bo'lgan ayol, [[Mildred Loving]] va uning [[Oqlar|oq tanli]] eri [[Richard Loving]]ni qamrab olgan bo'lib, ular 1958-yilda o'zaro turmush qurganliklari uchun bir yillik qamoq jazosiga hukm qilinadilar. Ularning nikohi [[Virjiniya|Virjiniyaning]] 1924-yildagi Irqiy qadriyatlar to'g'risidagi qonunini buzdi, bu hujjat "oq" deb tasniflanadigan odamlar va "rangli" deb tasniflangan odamlar o'rtasidagi nikohni jinoyat deb hisoblaydi. Lovinglar o'zlariga nisbatan chiqarilgan hukm ustidan [[Virjiniya Oliy sudi|Virjiniya Oliy sudiga]] shikoyat qildilar, sud esa hukmni tasdiqladi. Keyin ular AQSh Oliy sudiga murojaat qilishdi va sud ularning ishini ko'rib chiqishga rozi bo'ldi.

1967-yil iyun oyida Oliy sud Lovinglar foydasiga bir ovozdan qaror chiqardi va ularga nisbatan chiqarilgan hukmni bekor qildi. Uning qarori Virjiniya shtatining missegeneratsiyaga qarshi qonunini bekor qildi va Qo'shma Shtatlardagi nikohga nisbatan [[Irqlar|irqga]] asoslangan barcha qonuniy cheklovlarni bekor qildi. Virjiniyaning ta'kidlashicha, uning qonuni Teng himoya bandini buzmaydi, chunki jazo jinoyatchining irqidan qat'iy nazar bir xil bo'lib, shuning uchun ham oq tanlilarga, ham oq bo'lmaganlarga "birdek javobgarlik yuklaydi"{{Sfnp|Chemerinsky|2019}}. Sud shunga qaramay, qonun Teng himoya to'g'risidagi bandni buzgan deb topdi, chunki u faqat "irqqa qarab ajratiladigan farqlar" va qonundan tashqari xatti-harakatlarga, ya'ni turmush qurishga asoslangan bo'lib, bu holat boshqacha tarzda qabul qilingan va fuqarolar bu ishni amalga oshirishlari mumkin{{Sfnp|Chemerinsky|2019}}.

== Oliy sud qarori ==

1967-yil 12-iyunda Oliy sud Lovinglar oilasi foydasiga 9-0 nisbatida bir ovozdan qaror chiqardi, bu ularga nisbatan chiqarilgan jinoiy hukmlarni va Virjiniyaning missegeneratsiyaga qarshi qonunini bekor qildi. Sudning fikrini [[Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Bosh sudyasi|bosh sudya]] Earl Warren tominidan yozilgan va barcha sudyalar unga qo'shilishgan.

Sud birinchi navbatda Virjiniya shtatining irqiy daxlsizlik to'g'risidagi qonuni O'n to'rtinchi o'zgartirishning [[Teng himoya bandi|Teng himoya to'g'risidagi bandini]] buzishi yoki buzmasligi masalasini ko'rib chiqdi, unda shunday deyiladi: ''"hech bir davlat ham... o'z yurisdiksiyasi doirasidagi har qanday shaxsga qonunlarning teng himoyasini rad eta olmaydi"''. Virjiniya rasmiylari bu qonun Teng himoya to'g'risidagi bandni buzmaganligini ta'kidladilar, chunki u oq tanlilarga ham, oq bo'lmaganlarga ham "birdek javobgarlik yuklaydi, chunki qonunni buzganlik uchun jazo jinoyatchining irqidan qat'i nazar bir xil bo'lgan; masalan, qora tanliga turmushga chiqqan oq tanli kishi oq tanliga turmushga chiqqan qora tanli bilan bir xil jazoga tortilgan.

Sud ushbu "teng javobgarlik" argumentini 84 yil oldin 1883-yildagi ''[[Pace v. Alabama]]'' ishi yuzasidan qarorida ma'qullagan edi. Ammo ''Loving'' ishida Sud mazkurargumentni rad etdi{{Sfnp|Nowak|Rotunda|2012}}.

Sudning ta'kidlashicha, Virjiniya irqiy daxlsizlik to'g'risidagi qonuni jinoiy javobgarlikka tortish uchun asos sifatida irqiy tasnifdan foydalanganligi sababli, Teng himoya bandi Suddan qonun qoidalarini qat'iy tekshirishni talab qiladi.

Tekshirishning qat'iy nazorat standartini qo'llagan holda, Sud Qonunning "Oq ustunlikni saqlab qolish" uchun mo'ljallangan "qo'pol irqiy kamsitish"dan boshqa ko'zga ko'rinarli maqsadi yo'qligini aniqladi va shuning uchun qonun Teng himoya bandini buzgan deb qaror qildi{{Sfnp|Nowak|Rotunda|2012}}.

Sud o'z fikrini Virjiniyaning irq daxlsizligiga qarshi qonuni O'n to'rtinchi tuzatishning tegishli "[[Due Process Clause]]" bandini buzganligi haqidagi qisqa bo'lim bilan yakunladi{{Sfnp|Chemerinsky|2019}}. Sud turmush qurish erkinligi asosiy konstitutsiyaviy huquq ekanligini ta'kidladi va amerikaliklarni irqiy asosda undan mahrum qilishni konstitutsiyaga zid deb topdi{{Sfnp|Chemerinsky|2019}}.


== Manbalar ==
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[[Turkum:AQSH Oliy sudi tominidan ko'rilgan ishlar]]