The Red Badge of Courage
„The Red Badge of Courage“ (tarjimasi „Jasoratning alvon nishoni“) – amerikalik yozuvchi Stephen Crane yozgan roman. Ilk bor 1895-yil oktyabrda chop etilgan. Romandagi voqealar AQShda fuqarolar urushi davrida sodir boʻladi. Asar Ittifoq armiyasi ryadovoyi Henry Fleming va uning jang maydonidan qochib ketishi haqidadir. Fleming qilgan ishidan uyalib, qoʻrqoq emasligini isbotlash uchun „jasoratning alvon nishonini“ olishni, yaʼni yarador boʻlishni xohlaydi. Oʻz polki dushman bilan qayta toʻqnashganda Fleming bayroqdorlik qiladi.
 | |
| Muallif(lar) | Stephen Crane |
|---|---|
| Mamlakat |
 AQSH |
| Til | inglizcha |
| Janr(lar)i | roman |
| Nashr etilgan sanasi | 1895-yil oktyabr |
| Nashriyot | D. Appleton & Company |
Crane urushdan keyin tugʻilgan va romanni yozishdan biror jangni oʻz boshidan kechirmagan boʻlsa-da, roman oʻzining realizmi bilan tanilgan. Muallif romanni turli yozma maʼlumotlar (masalan, „Century Magazine“ jurnalida nashr etilgan asarlar) asosida 1894-yilda yoza boshlagan. Taxminlarga koʻra, Crane romandagi jangni Chancellorsville jangidan ruhlanib yozgan. Shuningdek, muallif 124-Nyu-York koʻngilli piyoda polkining veteranlari bilan suhbatlashgan boʻlishi mumkin. Roman dastlab qisqartirilgan shaklda 1894-yil dekabr oyida adabiy jurnallarda qismlarga boʻlinib chop etilgan. Toʻliq roman shaklida 1895-yil oktyabr oyida nashr etilgan. 1982-yilda romanning Cranenning asl qoʻlyozmasiga asoslangan uzunroq versiyasi nashr etilgan[1].
„The Red Badge of Courage“ romani oʻziga xos uslubi bilan nom chiqargan. Xususan, unda realistik jang sahnalari, batafsil tasvirlar hamda ironiya keng qoʻllangan. Anʼanaviy urush hikoyalaridan farqli oʻlaroq, romanda jangdan qochgan bosh qahramonining ichki dunyosi tasvirlangan. Shuningdek, romanda allegoriya keng ishlatilgan boʻlib, uni muallif „qoʻrquvning psixologik tasviri“ deya nomlagan[2]. Bu masala tanqidchilar tomonidan koʻp muhokama qilingan. Asarda koʻrib chiqilgan mavzular orasida yetuklik, qahramonlik, qoʻrqoqlik va tabiatning befarqligi kabi masalalar bor. Roman chop etilishi ortidan keng eʼtirofga sazovor boʻlgan va oʻsha paytda 24 yoshda boʻlgan Cranega katta shuhrat olib kelgan. Asarga yogʻdirilgan maqtovlarni yozuvchi H.G. Wells „maqtov orgiyasi“ deb atagan[3]. Shunday boʻlsa-da, boshida roman va muallifni tanqid qilganlar ham boʻlgan. Xususan, yozuvchi va veteran Ambrose Bierce romanni tanqid qilgan. Eʼlon qilinganidan beri muntazam chop etilib kelayotgan „The Red Badge of Courage“ romani AQSH adabiyotining muhim asarlaridan biri hisoblandi.
Manbalar
Snoskalar
- ↑ Crane, Stephen. The red badge of courage : an episode of the American Civil War, 1, Norton, 1982. OCLC 230349419.
- ↑ Davis (1998), s. 65
- ↑ Mitchell (1986), s. 5
Adabiyotlar
- Bloom, Harold. Stephen Crane's The Red Badge of Courage. New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1996. ISBN 0-585-25371-4.
- Bloom, Harold. Bloom's Guides: The Red Badge of Courage. New York: Infobase Publishing, 2007. ISBN 978-0-7910-9367-2.
- Crane, Stephen. The Red Badge of Courage. New York: D. Appleton and Company, 1917.
- Davis, Linda H.. Badge of Courage: The Life of Stephan Crane. New York: Mifflin, 1998. ISBN 0-89919-934-8.
- Dillingham, William B. (December 1963). "Insensibility in the Red Badge of Courage". College English 25 (3): 194–198. doi:10.2307/373687. https://archive.org/details/sim_college-english_1963-12_25_3/page/n43.
- Eby, Cecil D. (1960). "The Source of Crane's Metaphor, 'Red Badge of Courage'". American Literature 32 (2): 204–207. https://archive.org/details/sim_american-literature_1960-05_32_2/page/n81.
- Gibson, Donald B.. The Red Badge of Courage: Redefining the Hero. Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1988. ISBN 0-8057-7961-2.
- Grant, Susan-Mary and Peter J Parish. 2003. Legacy of Disunion: The Enduring Significance of the American Civil War. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press. ISBN 0-8071-2847-3.
- * Gullason, Thomas A. (1961). "Thematic Patterns in Stephen Crane's Early Novels". Nineteenth-Century Fiction 16 (1): 59–67. doi:10.2307/2932848..
- Habegger, Alfred. 1990. „Fighting Words: The Talk of Men at War in The Red Badge.“ Critical Essays on Stephen Craneʼs The Red Badge of Courage. Ed. Donald Pizer. Boston: G. K. Hall & Co. ISBN 0-8161-8898-X.
- Horsford, Howard C. 1986. "'He Was a Man'". New Essays on The Red Badge of Courage. Ed. Lee Clark Mitchell. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-30456-3.
- * Johanningsmeier, Charles (2008). "The 1894 Syndicated Newspaper Appearances of The Red Badge of Courage". American Literary Realism 40 (3): 226–247. doi:10.1353/alr.2008.0023. https://archive.org/details/american-literary-realism_spring-2008_40_3/page/226.
- Kaplan, Amy „The Spectacle of War in Crane's Revision of History“, . New Essays on The Red Badge of Courage. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986. ISBN 0-521-30456-3.
- Kent, Thomas. Interpretation and Genre: The Role of Generic Perception in the Study of Narrative Texts. Lewisburg, PA: Bucknell University Press, 1986. ISBN 0-8387-5088-5.
- Knapp, Bettina L.. Stephen Crane. New York: Ungar Publishing Co, 1987. ISBN 0-8044-2468-3.
- Lentz, Perry. Private Fleming at Chancellorsville: The Red Badge of Courage and the Civil War. Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 2006. ISBN 0-8262-1654-4.
- Linson, Corwin K.. My Stephen Crane. Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1958.
- Mailloux, Steven. Interpretive Conventions: The Reader in the Study of American Fiction. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1982. ISBN 0-8014-1476-8.
- Mayer, Gary H. (2009). "A General Semantics Approach to the Red Badge of Courage". Etc: A Review of General Semantics 66 (3): 258–262. https://archive.org/details/sim_et-cetera_2009-07_66_3/page/258.
- Mitchell, Lee Clark „Introduction“, . New Essays on The Red Badge of Courage. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986. ISBN 0-521-30456-3.
- Monteiro, George. 2000. Stephen Craneʼs Blue Badge of Courage. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press. ISBN 0-8071-2578-4.
- Monteiro, George. 2009. Stephen Crane: The Contemporary Reviews. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-38265-3.
- Morris, Roy Jr. 2007. "On Whose Responsibility? The Historical and Literary Underpinnings of The Red Badge of Courage". Memory and Myth: The Civil War in Fiction and Film from Uncle Tom’s Cabin to Cold Mountain. Ed. David B. Sachsman. West Lafayette, Ind.: Purdue University Press. ISBN 978-1-55753-439-2.
- Richardson, Mark. „The Mephistophelean Skepticism of Stephen Crane.“ In The Wings of Atalanta: Essays Written Along the Color Line (Wayback Machine saytida 2019-06-16 sanasida arxivlangan) (pages 110–164). Rochester, New York: Camden House, 2019. ISBN 9781571132390
- Sears, Stephen W. 1996. Chancellorsville. Boston: Houghton-Mifflin Co. ISBN 0-395-63417-2.
- Sorrentino, Paul. 2006. Student Companion to Stephen Crane. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-33104-9.
- Stallman, Robert W. 1968. Stephen Crane: A Biography. New York: Braziller, Inc.
- Weatherford, Richard M.. Stephen Crane: The Critical Heritage. New York: outledge, 1997. ISBN 0-415-15936-9.
- Wertheim, Stanley. A Stephen Crane Encyclopedia. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1997. ISBN 0-313-29692-8.
- Wertheim, Stanley; Paul, Sorrentino. The Crane Log: A Documentary Life of Stephen Crane, 1871–1900. New York: G. K. Hall & Co, 1994. ISBN 0-8161-7292-7.